Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography. - презентация

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2 Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography

3 Introduction Dear friends! Look, listen, and read the comments! Memorize this useful information! Enjoy Russian spelling!

4 Transcription Stressed vowels are written in big, bold type [ а ]. Pre-stressed vowels are written slightly smaller [а], and the remaining unstressed vowels are written in even smaller type [ а ].

5 Vowels These 6 letters represent simple vowels: А (1), О (16), У (21), Ы (29), Э (31), И (10) Анна [ а нн а ]AaaAnn он[ о н]he ум[ у м]mind мы[м ы ]we это[ э т а ]this is мир[м и р]world, peace

6 Compound vowels and their spelling These 4 letters represent two sounds, each in isolated position: Е [йэ/э] Ё [йо/о] Ю [йу/у] Я[йа/а] The spelling of these vowels depends on their position in the word.

7 1) Initial position In a word-initial position they are made up of two sounds: ем [й э м] I eat ёж [й о ш] hedgehog юг[й у к] south я[й а ] I

8 2) Position after vowels At the end of a word, following a vowel, they are pronounced as two sounds: моя [м а й а ]my читая [ч и т а й а ] reading мою [м о й у ]I wash двое [дв о й э ] two (collective numeral)

9 3) Position after soft consonants After soft consonants, they are pronounced as just one sound: мел [м э л] chalk лёгкий[л о хкий] easy, light любит [л у б и т] likes рядом [р а д а м]near

10 4) Placed after a soft sign (ь), compound vowels are pronounced as 2 sounds: семья [си м й а ] family бьёт [б й о т] hits пью [пй у ] I drink

11 5) Placed after a hard sign (ъ), compound vowels are pronounced as 2 sounds: объяснять [ а б й и сн а т ]to explain подъезд [пад й э ст]door way объём [ а б й о м]volume

12 System of consonants Hard consonants These letters Ж (8), Ц (24), Ш (26) always denote hard consonants: женский [ж э нск и й]feminine ножи [н а ж ы ]knives центр [ц э нтр]center цирк [ц ы рк]circus шесть [ш э ст]six широкий [ш ы р о к и й] wide

13 Soft consonants These letters Й (11), Ч (25), Щ (27) always denote soft consonants: май [м а й]May чашка [ч а шк а ]cup щука [шш у к а ]pike

14 Correlative consonants These 12 letters denote pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants: Б (2) – П (17) В (3) – Ф (22) Г (4) – К (12) Д (5) – Т (20) Ж (8) – Ш (26) З (9) – С (19)

15 Voiced consonants with no unvoiced equivalents These letters Й (11), Л (13), М (14), Н (15), Р (18) denote voiced consonants with no unvoiced equivalents: мой [м о й] my луна [л у н а ]moon дом [д о м]house она [ а н а ]she рот [р о т]mouth

16 Unvoiced consonants with no voiced equivalents These letters Х (23), Ч (25), Щ (27), Ц (24) denote unvoiced consonants with no voiced equivalents: хорошо [х а р а ш о ]well очень [ о ч и н ]very щи [шш и ]schi (russian soup) цирк [ц ы рк]circus

17 Note! According to the rules of Russian orthography, after ч, щ, ц must be written е/и (not э/ы)! After ц, must be written и in the middle of the word, but ы at the end of a word.

18 Spelling of а, о, у, э, ы, и in stressed syllables: мама =[м а м а ]mom мода = [м о д а ]fashion ум = [ у м]mind это = [ э т а ] this мы = [м ы ]we мир = [м и р]peace, world

19 Spelling of е, ё, ю, я in stressed syllables: есть= [й э ст] to eat юноша = [й у н а ш а ] youth яблоко = [й а бл а к а ]apple ёлка = [й о лк а ] fir-tree моё = [м а й о ]my (neut.) даёт = [д а й о т]gives Note! A syllable containing the letter Ё is always stressed.

20 Pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions. Quantitative reduction of vowels Unstressed vowels sound shorter than stressed ones: салат [с а л а т] salad мама [м а м а ]mom

21 Qualitative reduction of vowels Unstressed vowels are reduced: окно [ а кн о ] window молоко [м а л а к о ]milk метро [м и тр о ]metro занят [з а н и т] busy этаж [ и т а ш] floor

22 Spelling of и in the position after -ь и after ь [йи] семьи [с э м й и ] families чьи [ч й и ]whose

23 Pronunciation of и after hard consonants After these prepositions letter и is pronounced [ы]: из Ирака [ и з ы р а к а ] from Iraq от Ирины [ а т ы р и н ы ] from Irina об их сыне [ а б ы х с ы н и ] about their son с Иваном [с ы в а н а м] with Ivan в институт [в ы нст и т у т] in the institute в Интернете [в ы нт ы рн э ти] on the Internet к инженеру [кынжын э ру] to the engineer

24 Devoicing At the end of words and before voiceless consonants voiced consonants become devoiced: Б [П] араб [ а р а п]Arab В [Ф] вторник [фт о рн и к]Tuesday Г [К] друг – [др у к]friend Д [Т] год [г о т]year Ж [Ш] нож [н о ш]knife З [С] мороз [м а р о с]frost

25 Functions of the soft sign ь. P honetic function The soft sign (ь) is used to denote 1) Softness of consonants: соль [с о л ] salt пальто [п а л т о ]coat

26 2) Separate spelling of soft consonants: семья [си м й а ] family братья [бр а т й а ] brothers бьёт [б й о т] hits пью [пй у ] I drink

27 Orthographic function of the ь The soft sign (ь) is used to denote 1) Feminine gender after the letters ж, ч, ш, щ: дочь [д о ч ]daughter вещь [в э ш ш ]thing

28 2) Forms of the 2nd person singular of verbs in the present and future. (This does not affect the hardness of the ш): думаешь [д у м а и ш] you think прочитаешь [пр а ч и т а и ш] you will read

29 The function of the hard sign ъ is orthographic. The hard sign (ъ) is used after prefixes that are followed by the letters е, ё, ю, я: подъезд [п а д й э ст]doorway объём [ а б й о м]volume объяснять [ а б й и сн а т ]to explain адъютант [ а д й у т а нт]aide-de-camp

30 Spelling of consonant groups. Silent consonants When three or more consonants are clustered together in a single word, one of them occasionally becomes silent: здравствуй [здр а -ств у й]Hello! солнце [c о -нц э ]sun сердце [с э р-ц э ]heart праздник [пр а з-н и к] holidays честный [ч э с-н ы й] honest

31 Reappearance of silent consonants Affected by a vowel that follows it or that is found at the end of a word, an otherwise silent vowel should be pronounced: здоровье – [зд а р о в й и ] health солнечный – [с о лн и ч н ы й]sunny сердечный – [с и рд э ч н ы й]cordial честь – [ч э ст ]honor

32 Special cases of the spelling of the letter ч In some words clusters of letters чт and чн are pronounced as [шт] and [шн]: ч [ш] что – [шт о ]what конечно – [к а н э шн а ]sure, of course скучно – [ск у шн а ]boring

33 Special cases of the spelling of the letter г Placed between vowels, the г in его and in masculine genitive and accusative endings must be pronounced as [в]: его – [йив о ]his моего – [м а и в о ]of my нашего – [н а ш ы в а ] of our нового – [н о в а в а ]of new хорошего – [х а р о ш ы в а ]of good

34 Pronunciation of the letter cluster сч СЧ [ш] счастье – [шш а стй и ]happiness считать – [шш и т а т ]count

35 Pronunciation of the letter clusters -ться/-тся These letter clusters are pronounced like [ца]: -ться/-тся [ца] учиться - [ у ч и ц а ] учится - [ у чи ц а ]

36 List of references 1) Акишина А.А., Барановская С.А. Русская фонетика. – М.: Русский язык. 1980, 102 с. 2) А.Л. Архангельская и др. Русский язык с компьютером. Шаг 1. Компьютерный курс русского языка для начинающих. «Истрасофт»: диск 3) ЯРУС. Астраханский государственный университет. Сайт : 5) Википедия. Гласные.

37 6) Кедрова Г.Е. и др. Интернет-учебник по русской фонетике. URL: 1/index1.htmhttp:// 1/index1. htm 7) Кирилл и Мефодий. URL: 8) Кириллица. URL: 9) Махов Б.Ф. Русский алфавит как система. article_id=

38 Text and presentation by I. Shigina Sound recording by E. Panferova Translation consultants: Karen Chilstrom (USA), A. Leonov, PhD