PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1. - презентация

1 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 1 Systems Analysis and Design Alan Dennis, Barbara Wixom, and David Tegarden John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Slides by Fred Niederman

2 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for redistribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.

3 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 Управление Проектом Глава 3

4 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 Ключевые Определения Управление проектом это планирование и контроль над развитием системы в рамках определенного интервала времени, минимизация затрат с соблюдением выполняемых функциий. Руковолитель проекта несет непосредственную ответственность за сотни заданий и работ, что требует тщательной согласованности.

5 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 НАПИСАНИЕ РАБОЧЕГО ПЛАНА

6 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Пример рабочего плана Work Plan InformationExample Name of taskPerform economic feasibility Start date`Jan 05, 2001 Completion dateJan 19, 2001 Person assignedMary Smith, sponsor Deliverable(s)Cost-benefit analysis Completion statusOpen PriorityHigh Resources neededSpreadsheet Estimated time16 hours Actual time14.5 hours

7 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Определение заданий Подход Top-down Оределение заданий наивысшего значимости Разбиваем на меньшие группы по снижению значимости Методология Используется стандартный список заданий

8 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Top Down Task Определение Phases Phases with high level steps Work PlanDeliverablesEstimatedActual Assigned hourshoursTo *

9 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Оценка проекта на основе производственной информации Planning Analysis Design Implementation Industry Standard For Web15% 20% 35% 30% Applications Time Required in Person Months

10 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Оценка времени на основе More Complex Approach

11 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Оценка сбыта??? Объемы Function points Lines of code Производительность Человек-месяц Время Месяцы

12 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Использование верных данных для оценки Прежние проекты Предшествующий опыт Проиводственные стандарты Подробный анализ

13 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг 1 Complexity DescriptionLow MediumHighTotal Inputs__x 3 __x 4 __x 6____ Outputs__x 4 __x 5__x 7____ Queries__x 3 __x 4__x 6____ Files__x 7 __x 10__x 15____ Program__x 5 __x 7__x 10____ Interfaces TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS____

14 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг2 Scale of 1 to 5 Data Communications _____ Heavy Use Configuration _____ Transaction Rate _____ End-User efficiency _____ Complex Processing _____ Installation Ease _____ Multiple sites _____ Performance _____ Distributed functions _____ On-line data entry _____ On-line update _____ Reusability _____ Operational Ease _____ Extensibility _____ Project Complexity (PC) _____

15 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Бальная функциональная оценка-- Шаг 3 Processing Complexity (PC):________ (From Step 2) Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) = (0.001 * ____ ) Total Adjusted Function Points:_____ * ____ = (TUFP -- From Step 1)

16 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Бальная функциональная оценка -- Шаг 4 Adjusted Project Complexity = (0.01 * Project Complexity) Total Adjusted Function Points = Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP

17 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Converting Function Points to Lines of Code Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research LanguageLOC/Function Code Point C COBOL JAVA C++ Turbo Pascal Visual Basic PowerBuilder HTML Packages (e.g., Access, Excel)

18 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Your Turn Даже грубая оцека проекта потребует достаточного времени и усилий Что необходимо сделать, чтобы проект стал стоящим?

19 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Оценка производительности Соотношение масштабов производства и его стоимости Модель COCOMO

20 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 COCOMO Estimation Calculation Effort =1.4 * thousands-of- (in Person-lines-of-code Months) Example: If LOC = 2000 Then... Effort =(1.4 * 2000)= 28 Person Months

21 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Оценка сроков исполнения Rule of thumb for estimation Schedule Time (months) = 3.0 * person-months 1/3

22 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Аттрибуты кадрового обеспечения Уровень необходимых кадров будет меняться в будущем Дополнительные кадры могут привлечь расходы, непокрываемые дополнительной производительностью Иерархическое составление отчетности в группах по 8-10 может облегчить работу

23 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Снижение трудностей в больших группах

24 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 24 Your Turn Как узнать, сколько человек назначить на проект? Как узнать какие специальные навыки потребуются для исполнения проекта?

25 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 25 Распределение времени Дедлайн (горизонт) Сокращение функциональности, если необходимо Последние штрихи

26 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 26 Этапы распределения времени Установить дату сдачи проекта Дедлайн должен быть реальным Should be set by development group Приритеты по значимости Построение базы системы Postpone unfinished functionality Deliver the system with core functionality Repeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and enhancements

27 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Work PlanDeliverablesEstimatedActual Assigned hourshours to * What Should CD Selections Work Plan Include?

28 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Calculate the Function Points Estimate for CD Selections

29 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 29 КОМПЛЕКТАЦИЯ ПРОЕКТА

30 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 30 Ключевые определения The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the project В уставе описываются цели и принципы проекта A functional lead manages a group of analysts A technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

31 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 31 Motivation Аккуратно используйте внешние поощрения Используйте внутренние поощрения Признание Достижения Работа непосредственно Ответственность Продвижение Возможность приобрести новые навыки

32 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 32 Стратегия избегания конфликтов Чётко определить задачи Hold individuals accountable Следовать уставу Develop schedule commitments ahead of time Предвидение других предпочтений и возможных влияний на проект

33 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. RoleDescriptionAssigned to What Should CD Selections Staffing Plan Include?

34 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 34 КОНТРОЛЬ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПРОЕКТОМ

35 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 35 The Hurricane Model Project Stage Time

36 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 36 Предельные оценки стоимости ошибок во времени Typical margins of Error for Well-done Estimates PhaseDeliverableCost (%)time (%) PlanningSystem Request40060 Project Plan10025 AnalysisSystem Proposal5015 DesignSystem Specification2510 Source: Boehm et al. (1995)

37 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 37 Отслеживание заданий с использованием графика Ганнта Action Week

38 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 38 CASE Инструменты Initiation Analysis Design Implementation Upper CASELower CASE Integrated CASE (I-CASE)

39 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 39 Procedural Metadata Logic DiagramsScreen Designs CASE Repository CASE Компоненты

40 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 40 Стандарты Примеры Правила присваивания файлам имен Правила указания решенных задач Программные директивы Можете ли Вы придумать ещё примеры?

41 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 41 Документация Связка проекта??? Оглавление Непрерывнаое усовершенствование

42 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 42 Managing Scope??????????? Scope creep -- основная причина проблем в разработке JAD and prototyping Formal change approval Charging for changes

43 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 43 Управление риском Оценка риска Действия по сокращению риска Повторная оценка

44 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 44 Классические ошибки Слишком оптимистический план Невозможность отслеживать план Невозможность усовершенствования плана Подключение людей кмёртвому проекту

45 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 45 Итог Управление проектом требовательно относится к разработке новой системы Управление проектом включает планирование, контроль и отчет, основанный на данных о времени, трудовых ресурсах, стоимости.

46 PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 46 Expanding the Domain For more detail on project management, visit the project management institute and its special interest group on information systems: