Modal verbs. Modal verbs -2 The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should. They take no -s in the third person. - презентация

1 Modal verbs

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4 Modal verbs -2 The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should. They take no -s in the third person singular and are followed by an infinitive without to except for "ought to". He must be at work. He ought to do what you asked him to. They come before the subject in questions and are followed by "not" in negations. "Could you help me with the dishes?" "I'm sorry, I can't." Certain verbs or expressions can be used with the same meaning as modals. These are: need (= must), had better (= should),have (got) to (= must), be able to (= can), used to (= would) etc. I've got to go to the library.

5 Past Can future present past To be able to future present Could was/were able to

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9 Past Must future past To have to future past To be to future Present Obligation resulting from a previous agreement, plan, schedule, time table. Order or instruction. Present Obligation or necessity depending on circumstances

10 Supposi- tion Reproach, disap- proval May Present Might past Possibi- lity Permis- sion

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12 Ability She can dance well. She could / was able to dance well when she was young, (repeated action - ability in the past) She's able to type 120 words per minute. They were able to buy a car aftersaving for years, (single action in the past) He couldn't/wasn't able to save the patient. Obligation I must cut down on fats. (I need to;I say so) I have to cut down on fats. (I'm obliged to; the doctor says so) I had to cut down or else I would have got overweight. (past) We ought to stay within the speedlimit. (It is the right thing to do, but we don't always do it.)

13 Requests Can I see the Manager? (informal) Could I see the Manager? (polite) May I see the Manager, please?(formal) Might I see the Manager? (very formal) Would you mind working overtime? (polite; formal) Will you do my shopping? (informal) Possibility He can't still be at home. (90% certain) He could/may be tired. (50% certain; it's possible he is tired) He might come later. (40% certain; perhaps he will come later) He could have killed her. (luckily he didn't - past) He may/might have sold his house, (perhaps he sold it - past) It is likely that Ann will offer to help.

14 Necessity I must see a doctor soon. (I say so) I had to see a doctor. (I was obliged to; past) He has to wear an overall at work. (necessity from outside the speaker) He had to wear an overall when he was at school, (past) Weve got to move house, (informal)

15 Prohibition / Duty You can't enter this area. (prohibition - you aren't allowed to) They couldn't enter that area. (prohibition - they weren't allowed to) You mustn't touch the statues. (prohibition - it is forbidden) You may not smoke in the corridors, (prohibition - formal) All applicants must be filled in this form. (duty) People ought to respect the environment. (It is the right thing to do but people don't always do it.)

16 Criticism You could at least call her. (present) You could at least have called her yesterday. (past) He should let us know. He should have let us know before. (but he didn't) You ought to be more helpful. You ought to have been more helpful. (It was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it.) Logical Assumptions He must be tired. (90% certain positive; I'm sure he is tired.) He must have arrived by now. (positive; I'm sure he has arrived.) It can't/couldn't be a fake. (negative; I'm sure it isn't a fake.) She can't/couldn't have killed him. (negative; I'm sure she didn't kill him.)

17 Probability He will come tomorrow. (100% certain; prediction) He should/ought to come by later. (90% certain; future only; it's probable) He should/ought to have reached Rome by now. (He has probably reached Rome.) Permission You can/can't take my car. (giving or refusing permission; informal) He wasn't allowed to/couldn't take my car. (past) He was allowed to take my car. (not: could; past) Could I go out for a minute? (more polite; asking for permission) You may go out for a minute. (formal; giving permission) Might I have the pleasure of your company? (very formal; asking for permission)

18 Offers / Suggestions Can I/we carry your bags? (offer- informal) Shall I/we collect your laundry? (offer - informal) Would you like to stay with me for a couple of days? (offer) Would you like me to give you a lift? (offer) Shall we have a break? (suggestion) I/We can watch TV. (suggestion) We could go to the theatre tonight, (suggestion) We could have stayed longer if you'd wanted, (suggestion - past) Let's play football! (suggestion)

19 Read the following sentences, then identify the use of each verb in bold. 1. They can't have lied..logical assumption - negative.. 2 You must tell them the truth He was able to run the Marathon Can you help me with my homework? He should have seen a doctor You'd better admit to your guilt They don't have to employ more staff

20 8 Shall I speak to the Manager about my problem? People ought to treat animals with respect She isn't at home. She may be at the supermarket He had to wear glasses She could at least have told me in advance Identify the use of the verbs in bold, thensay the same sentence in as many ways as possible. She can cook Chinese food. ability She's able to cook Chinese food..

21 Tim may come over today. 3He should be at the party tonight. They must have gone out; the lights are off. 5I need to call my mother. 6You ought to take an umbrella; it's raining. You could at least have driven her to work. 8I have to help Mum clean the house. 9Can I have a look at your newspaper? ;......; Would you like me to carry that for you? We can go to the beach tomorrow You may not smoke in the hospital

22 13All employees must attend the meeting The dogs need to be fed at 12: You should go to Pain's party, Shall we go out tonight? :.....' People ought to drive more carefully She can't be feeling well

23 Modal Verbs Amazing facts about the natural world Did you know …? Snails can sleep for up to three years. Because of the Earths rotation, you can throw a ball further if you throw it west. Elephants cant jump, cats cant look up at the sky and kangaroos cant walk backwards. Dogs cant see colors. Guide dogs watch the traffic to see when it is safe to cross – they cant see the difference between red and green traffic lights. Chimpanzees cant talk but they can learn sign language.

24 Modal Verbs Youre amazing! We can live without food for about two months. We can live without water for about five to seven days. A new baby cant see colours. A new baby can see black and white and sometimes red. An adult can see different colours.

25 Modal Verbs Ask and answer with other students. Try to find one student for each activity. Who in the class can … play the guitar? mend a car? write with their other hand? read really fast? make clothes? play chess? read music? sing well?

26 Paraphrase the sentences using could + Perfect Infinitive as in the model. Model: I could prepare the report but I didnt do it. – I could have prepared the report. They could help him but they didnt do it. She could buy this book but she didnt buy it. She could write a good composition but she didnt write it. You could send me a telegram but you didnt do it.

27 Paraphrase the following sentences using could or can: Model: Is it possible that she went there alone? – Can she have gone there alone? Is it possible that he is writing a novel? Is it possible that she knows five foreign languages? Is it possible that Nick failed in mathematics? Is it possible that she is so absent - minded? Is it possible that he has finished school already? Is it possible that our basketball team lost the match? Is it possible that he was there yesterday?

28 Paraphrase the following sentences using could or can: Model: I dont believe that he is teaching English. He knows it badly. – He cant be teaching English. I dont believe that you saw a bear in this forest. I dont believe that he is still working. It is very late. It is impossible that they are still discussing this question. I dont think she knows that man. I dont believe that he lived in Sydney. He doesnt know anything about this city. I doubt that he came in time. I dont believe that they lost their way.

29 Paraphrase the following using the verb may: Model: I nearly lost my way. – I might have lost my way. I nearly forgot about it. It nearly killed him. He nearly broke the window. She nearly fell asleep. I nearly caught cold.

30 Paraphrase the following using the verb must. Model: I am sure she is at home now. – She must be at home now. I am sure they arrived in Stavropol yesterday. – They must have arrived in Stavropol yesterday. A: I am sure you are very tired. I am sure your friend is a very modest girl. Im sure he is ill. Im sure they know you. Im sure he has plenty of time. Im sure he is a very good doctor. I am sure she is an experienced teacher. Im sure you like such films.

31 Paraphrase the sentences using the modal verb to be: We agreed to meet near the theatre. They agreed to discuss the film after classes. The pupils agreed to go to the forest on Sunday. We agreed to spend the summer in the country. We agreed to come to school at five. It was arranged that I should meet them at the bus stop. It was arranged that I should go there by plane. It was planned that you should be given this task. It was arranged that you should join us in Adler. It was planned that the pupils should go on an excursion to the Hermitage.

32 Paraphrase the following using the verbs should and ought. A: I advise you to buy this coat. I advise you to go in for skating. I advise you to read this book in the original. I advise you to consult a doctor. I dont advise you to go there tonight. B: I think you must wait for them. I think you mustnt go there alone. I think you must apologize to her. I think she must not punish the boy for it. I think you had better read aloud.

33 Paraphrase the sentences using the verb shall. Model: Do you want me to repeat it? – Shall I repeat it? Do you want me to turn on the radio? Do you want me to write this word on the blackboard? Do you want me to lock the door? Do you want me to post the letter? Do you want him to fetch the book? Do you want us to water the flowers?

34 Paraphrase the following using the verbs will (would): Model: Close the window, please. – Will (would) you close the window? Come in, please. Pass me the salt, please. Please wait for me a little. Give me your pen, please. Turn on the light, please.

35 Paraphrase the following using the verbs will (would): Model: I shall willingly buy it. – I will buy it. I shall willingly play chess with him. We shall willingly work in the field in summer. We shall willingly go the theatre this evening. I shall willingly help you.

36 Paraphrase the following using the verbs will (would): Model: I cant write with this pen. – This pen wont write. I cant open the window. I couldnt turn on the TV set. I cant cut bread with this knife. We cant work with this machine. She couldnt close the suitcase.

37 Insert mustnt or neednt You … answer all the questions now; itll be sufficient if you do five of them. Passengers … walk across the railway line. You … speak like that to your sister. You … open the window, its very cold outside. You … open the window, Ive just aired the room.

38 Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with either didnt need (to) or neednt have (done) I... (to write) him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. You... (to listen) to him. His information was misleading. You... (to buy) such a lot of flowers. We've already got more than necessary. He... (to get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. You... (to say) if you didn't want to. We could have done without you just as well.

39 Paraphrase the following sentences using the verb dare You are impudent enough to speak with your mother so rudely. I challenge you to tell him the truth. I havent the courage to reproach her for it. I am not brave enough to speak to her about her daughter, she might get very angry. How can you be so impudent as to sneak into his house in his absence? How can you venture to refuse to take part in our work?

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