Prepared by:, OM Checked by: Totanova Nazgul Independent work of students of English ҚР ДЕНСАУЛЫҚ САҚТАУ МИНИСТРЛІГІ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВ АТЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚ ҰЛТТЫҚ МЕДИЦИНА УНИВЕРСИТЕТІ МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РК КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМЕНИ С.Д.АСФЕНДИЯРОВА Almaty 2010 The skeleton

Skeletal System - Functions Support & shape to body Support & shape to body Protection of internal organs Protection of internal organs Movement in union with muscles Movement in union with muscles Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids Blood cell production Blood cell production

The Skeletal System Know the Skeletal Anatomy Axial Skeleton Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Surface Anatomy of the bone Surface Anatomy of the bone By x-ray or diagram By x-ray or diagram Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments Including range of motion Including range of motion

Human Skeleton 206 Bones 206 Bones Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles Half of bones in hands & feet Half of bones in hands & feet

Axial Skeleton (80) Skull Skull Ossicles of the middle ear Ossicles of the middle ear Hyoid bone Hyoid bone Thorax or chest Thorax or chest Vertebral column Vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton (126) Upper Extremity (64) Shoulder Girdle Shoulder Girdle Arms Arms Hands Hands Lower Extremity (62) Pelvic Girdle Pelvic Girdle Legs Legs Feet Feet

Types of Bone Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella) Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella) Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones) Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones) Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella) Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella) Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones) Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones) Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae) Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all 22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage 4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all

The skull 8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles sinuses

Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7 th rib Two pairs of floating ribs

Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused) 1 coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

Types of Vertebrae Cevical (7) Cevical (7) Atlas Atlas Axis Axis Thoracic (12) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Lumbar (5)

Atlas – 1 st ; supports head Axis – 2 nd ; dens pivots to turn head Cervical Vertebrae

long spinous processes rib facets Thoracic Vertebrae

large bodies thick, short spinous processes Lumbar Vertebrae

Bone Cells Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone Osteoblasts – bone forming cells synthesize and secrete unmineralized ground substance and are found in areas of high metabolism within the bone Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood. Osteocytes – mature bone cells made from osteoblasts that have made bone tissue around themselves. They maintain healthy bone tissue by secreting enzymes and controlling the bone mineral content; they also control the calcium release from the bone tissue to the blood. Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells Osteogenic cells respond to traumas, such as fractures, by giving rise to bone-forming cells and bone-destroying cells Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling Osteoclasts – bone absorbing cell – large cells that break down bone tissue – important to growth, healing, remodeling Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone Bone lining cells - made from osteoblasts along the surface of most bones in an adult. Bone-lining cells are thought to regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone

Types of Skeletal Cartilage Hyaline Cartilages: fine collagen fiber matrix- most abundant type- found in articular (movable joint) cartilages, costal cartilages (connect ribs tosternum), respiratory cartilages (in larynx & upper respiratory passageways) & nasal cartilages Elastic Cartilages: similar to hyaline cartilage, more elastic fibers (very flexible) – found in external ear & epiglottis (larynx covering) Fibrocartilage: rows of chondrocytes with thick collagen fibers; highly compressible with great tensile strength- found in menisci of knee, intervertebral discs & pubic symphysis