Discourse Analysis & Phonology Phonology is a branch of linguistics, closely related to phonetics. Phonology is a branch of linguistics, closely related to phonetics.phonetics It studies the manners of organization and usage of the speech sounds in natural languages. It studies the manners of organization and usage of the speech sounds in natural languages. Phonetics deals with the smallest chunks of language, yet it is in connection with other linguistic disciplines like morphology, because adding morphemes may change the meaning of words and their pronunciation, frequently following patterns-eg. work + er = worker. Phonetics deals with the smallest chunks of language, yet it is in connection with other linguistic disciplines like morphology, because adding morphemes may change the meaning of words and their pronunciation, frequently following patterns-eg. work + er = worker.language Phonetics is also related with syntax, as depending on a function of a word in a sentence it can be pronounced differently with a shifted phrasal stress and with changed intonation-eg. Who are you? Who are you! Phonetics is also related with syntax, as depending on a function of a word in a sentence it can be pronounced differently with a shifted phrasal stress and with changed intonation-eg. Who are you? Who are you!syntax Similarly, this branch of linguistics is connected with semantics because of intonation constraints. While phonetics studies the production and perception of the speech sounds (for instance, in the expression 'London photography', phonetics would analyze all the sounds present in the words 'London' and 'photography', describing how they are produced). Similarly, this branch of linguistics is connected with semantics because of intonation constraints. While phonetics studies the production and perception of the speech sounds (for instance, in the expression 'London photography', phonetics would analyze all the sounds present in the words 'London' and 'photography', describing how they are produced).semanticsLondon photographysemanticsLondon photography phonology is more interested in the abstract, that is mental aspects of these sounds. It inquiries into and describes the patterns of sounds and sound types which native speakers acquire intuitively. phonology is more interested in the abstract, that is mental aspects of these sounds. It inquiries into and describes the patterns of sounds and sound types which native speakers acquire intuitively.

Teaching has often focused on practicing of phonemes eg. /p/, /b/ ( in isolation) or in words eg. Pump & bump Teaching has often focused on practicing of phonemes eg. /p/, /b/ ( in isolation) or in words eg. Pump & bump Vowels in words are generally affected by the surrounding consonants. (Good morning & Good Evening) –refer to page 89 MC. Vowels in words are generally affected by the surrounding consonants. (Good morning & Good Evening) –refer to page 89 MC.

According to Pennington & Richards Pronunciation is important to determine correct meaning of words. According to Pennington & Richards Pronunciation is important to determine correct meaning of words. RhythmSegmental or phoneme-based RhythmSegmental or phoneme-based -- Prosodicstress & intonation -- Prosodicstress & intonation Pronunciation can cause problem or difficulty in understanding each other. Pronunciation can cause problem or difficulty in understanding each other.

Strong Strong } Beats/stress (Examples : ) } Beats/stress (Examples : ) Weak Weak

Important Element in The Teaching of Spoken English English has : English has : i) rhythmicality of different degrees in speeches i) rhythmicality of different degrees in speeches of : of : broadcast broadcast fluent reading fluent reading speeches speeches monologues monologues ordinary conversation ordinary conversation ii) stress-timed L :- ii) stress-timed L :- --stress timing --stress timing --syllable-timing --syllable-timing --e.g : the word extraordinary, mother, etc. --e.g : the word extraordinary, mother, etc.

Prominence : - Prominence : - Syllables which stand out in the flow of talk Syllables which stand out in the flow of talk Because speaker has uttered them with greater intensity or duration or pitch duration. Because speaker has uttered them with greater intensity or duration or pitch duration. Sentence stress is also called tonic. Sentence stress is also called tonic. e.g : JA pan ESE, or e.g : JA pan ESE, or Japan εSε, never Japan εSε, never JaPAnese. JaPAnese. Good example : 4.16 Good example : 4.16

Word-stress Prominence Word-stress Prominence The knowledge about syllables that may be prominent is useful. The knowledge about syllables that may be prominent is useful. In context –primary & secondary stress is important. In context –primary & secondary stress is important. e.g : When I was in college, I had many Japanese friends.

Placing of Prominence e.g : 4.17, 4.18 & 4.19 e.g : 4.17, 4.18 & 4.19 Interactive choice is important. Interactive choice is important. When we consider prominence in discourse, we are considering the extent to which speakers & listeners worlds converge. When we consider prominence in discourse, we are considering the extent to which speakers & listeners worlds converge. e.g: 4.21 ( I can take you right to the door if you wish). e.g: 4.21 ( I can take you right to the door if you wish). --The emphasis on to instead of door. --The emphasis on to instead of door. e.g: In Islam, one who seeks knowledge must practice humility. e.g: In Islam, one who seeks knowledge must practice humility..

Good practiceActivity 5 (97). Good practiceActivity 5 (97). Function & non-function words can be given prominence as well. Function & non-function words can be given prominence as well. e.g: 4.22, 4.23 & e.g: 4.22, 4.23 & Problems with prominence misunderstandings about word stress esp. in compound words. Problems with prominence misunderstandings about word stress esp. in compound words. e.g: You can publish your poem in the e.g: You can publish your poem in the newsletter. newsletter. Teacher needs to observe learners speech to seek problem in misplaced of prominence Teacher needs to observe learners speech to seek problem in misplaced of prominence

Intonational Unit. Intonation is essential to interprete meaning e.g : sarcasm, surprise, querry, teasing etc. Intonation is essential to interprete meaning e.g : sarcasm, surprise, querry, teasing etc. Cant really be taught but the more you are exposed to it, the more conversant you are about the right intonation for specific intention. Cant really be taught but the more you are exposed to it, the more conversant you are about the right intonation for specific intention. According to linguists, intonation is related to information structure of utterances. According to linguists, intonation is related to information structure of utterances. Halliday believes that speakers decide how to segment information. Halliday believes that speakers decide how to segment information. e.g: …I know I am far from being a perfect Muslim. I am still unsure of the state I will be in when my Creator finally calls me up. I am worried whether I would pass the test, ie. the pain, the agony, especially during sakaratul maut (death throes). e.g: …I know I am far from being a perfect Muslim. I am still unsure of the state I will be in when my Creator finally calls me up. I am worried whether I would pass the test, ie. the pain, the agony, especially during sakaratul maut (death throes).

Nuclear prominence projects what the speaker decides is new in the tone. Nuclear prominence projects what the speaker decides is new in the tone. e.g : 4.30 e.g : words in bold are the newsworthy 4.31 words in bold are the newsworthy Speakers decide on the information that needs to be distributed in tone groups & where tonic is placed. Speakers decide on the information that needs to be distributed in tone groups & where tonic is placed. Decisions rests on assessing what needs to be highlighted to the listener. Decisions rests on assessing what needs to be highlighted to the listener. (new & given) (new & given) Info Background info (obvious in the context) Info Background info (obvious in the context)

Prominence -- Prominence -- may be used to draw the listeners attention to a wide variety of may be used to draw the listeners attention to a wide variety of phenomenon in the discourse, phenomenon in the discourse, including markings of the speakers turn including markings of the speakers turn a new topic a new topic & emphasis on contrast or giving new info & emphasis on contrast or giving new info

Turn-taking Speakers can signal a desire to continue a speaking turn by : Speakers can signal a desire to continue a speaking turn by : using low pitch using low pitch pause to stop or continue pause to stop or continue low pitch for ending statement low pitch for ending statement syntax, lexis, non-verbal communication & context syntax, lexis, non-verbal communication & context Types of tones are not easy to separate. (good example p ) Types of tones are not easy to separate. (good example p )

Pitch Across Speakers Matching or concord in pitch between speakers is a phenomenon. Matching or concord in pitch between speakers is a phenomenon. e.g: 4.59 e.g: Phonology is complex. Not straightforward pedagogy. Phonology is complex. Not straightforward pedagogy. Several parts of the system can be scrutinized. Several parts of the system can be scrutinized. But the entire discourse is significance. But the entire discourse is significance. Levels of choice of speakers. Levels of choice of speakers. Importance of speakers choice. Importance of speakers choice. Changing role of participants in conversations Changing role of participants in conversations

Suggestions for Teachers. Expose students to basic everyday functions Expose students to basic everyday functions --simple fall/fall-rise --simple fall/fall-rise Expose them to contextualized key system Expose them to contextualized key system --through dialogues. --through dialogues. Pitchthrough prepared talks & anecdote telling. Pitchthrough prepared talks & anecdote telling. *All these done in a discrete manner. *All these done in a discrete manner.

Opinions on tone 1) intonation has grammatical function. 1) intonation has grammatical function. e.g: Qscorrect interrogative e.g: Qscorrect interrogative intonation is essential. intonation is essential. --tag qs --tag qs --subordinate clause --subordinate clause e.g: The woman I saw yesterday e.g: The woman I saw yesterday is my mothers friend. is my mothers friend.

2) Attitudinal Approaches 2) Attitudinal Approaches Good example Good example (p.10) (p.10) some intonations express surprise, detachment, etc. some intonations express surprise, detachment, etc. Good activity (p.107)--*9. Good activity (p.107)--*9.

Stress and intonation deal with attitudes, moods and emotions. Stress and intonation deal with attitudes, moods and emotions. Attitude and emotions are complex combination of vocal cues, intonation, lexis, context and non verbal behaviour. Attitude and emotions are complex combination of vocal cues, intonation, lexis, context and non verbal behaviour.

Choice of tone is independent of the choice of grammatical form. It is the speakers assessment of the conducive character of the question that is important. Choice of tone is independent of the choice of grammatical form. It is the speakers assessment of the conducive character of the question that is important. e.g: 1) WHATs the Time? e.g: 1) WHATs the Time? 2) WHATs the Time? 2) WHATs the Time? Speakers need to judge what tone to use. Speakers need to judge what tone to use. Open and Closed meanings? Open and Closed meanings?

Key. Key. The relative level of pitch can move and are interchangeable. The relative level of pitch can move and are interchangeable. e.g : 4.57 e.g : 4.57 The jump from high to low key is important cues in management. The jump from high to low key is important cues in management. (high key initiation) (high key initiation) (low key ending) (low key ending)

Good Reading SIGNAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING DISCOURSE INTONATION SIGNAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING DISCOURSE INTONATION SIGNAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING DISCOURSE INTONATION SIGNAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE FOR TEACHING DISCOURSE INTONATION Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis Discourse Analysis