National research University > Presentation On the topic: > Fulfilled: student groups ME-11, Giyosov R.F. Checked: Kalugin V.V.

Natural science-science topics, responsible for studying external to man, natural (natural- from "nature", nature). The origin of the natural sciences connected with the use of philosophical naturalism to scientific research. The principles of naturalism require study and use the laws of nature, not bringing to them the laws imposed by man, that is, excluding the arbitrariness of human will. The concept of natural sciences introduced their disengagement from the humanitarian and Social Sciences (in Russia the past often combine complex science about society). Math combine with logic in complex formal science, and do not include natural sciences, since their methodology differed significantly from the methodology of the natural sciences. The origins of the natural sciences. The basis of natural sciences should be considered science-the science of natural phenomena. Accordingly, the first representatives of the natural sciences should be considered great naturalists of the past, such as Blaise Pascal, Isaac Newton, Mikhail Lomonosov.

Over time, the general direction of natural history was divided into separate research directions. The direction of the natural sciences. Basic Science: Astronomy Biology Geography Geology Physics Chemistry Foundation Science. All modern science, in one way or another, use the mathematical device to describe the phenomena under consideration. Thus, science imply exact formula defining patterns, describing natural phenomena considered; as well as racing entry of new hypotheses and theories. As a result, provided the natural sciences descriptions contain numerical values. In addition, thanks to precise mathematical calculations any hypothesis can be checked and if necessary adjusted.

Most biological sciences are disciplines with a narrower specialization. Traditionally, they are grouped according to the types of organisms under study: botany studies plants, zoology - animals, microbiology - unicellular microorganisms. Domains within biology are further divided either by the scale of the study or by the methods used: biochemistry studies the chemical basis of life, molecular biology - complex interactions between biological molecules, cellular biology and cytology - the basic building blocks of multicellular organisms, cells, histology and anatomy - the structure of tissues and organism from separate organs and tissues, physiology - physical and chemical functions of organs and tissues, ethology - behavior of living beings, ecology - interdependent Five different organisms and their environment. The transfer of hereditary information is studied by genetics. The development of the organism in ontogeny is studied by the biology of development. The origin and historical development of living nature - paleobiology and evolutionary biology.

On the borders with adjacent sciences arise: biomedicine, biophysics (the study of living objects by physical methods), biometrics, etc. In connection with the practical needs of man, such areas as cosmic biology, sociopsychology, labor physiology, bionics arise. Geographical picture of the world and geographical culture Geographic culture is most often understood as the culture of geography as a science. The culture of geographical knowledge of both geography scientists and the public. In the works "Geographic Culture" and "Geographical World View", V.P Maksakovskii examines these interrelated concepts from the perspective of modern geography. In the geographical culture, it includes the following components: 1) the geographical picture of the world, 2) geographical thinking, 3) geography methods, 4) the language of geography. Unfortunately, there is a gap between the mass and scientific geographic culture, as the society mainly faces descriptive geography and has no idea of the language and methods of modern geography. System of Geographical Sciences Physiography The object of studying physical geography is the geographical envelope as a whole, which make up its natural complexes and components.

The basis of physical geography is General geography and landscape studies. General land studies deals with the study of the laws of the geographical shell as a whole, landscape studies landscape complexes.Industrial science: Biogeography. Climatology. Geomorphology. Hydrology. Oceanology. Glaciology. Cryolithology. Soil geography. Paleogeography. In medicine, there is theoretical medicine or Biomedicine the field of biology that studies the human body, its normal and pathological structure and functioning, diseases, pathological conditions, methods of their diagnosis, correction and treatment from theoretical positions.

Theoretical medicine explores the theoretical foundations of treatment, offers ways to develop practical medicine. Theoretical medicine is based on logical medical thinking, confirmed by scientific theoretical knowledge. Generalization of different approaches gives theoretical medicine an opportunity to create medical hypotheses, which will be an integral part of practical thinking (from the theses of Reuter D. V.). Theoretical medicine is the first step of the practice (Professor Solovyov V. Z.). As a rule, theoretical medicine does not affect the practice of medicine to the extent that it is engaged in theory and research in medicine. The results of theoretical medicine make possible the emergence of new drugs, a deeper, molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying the disease and the healing process, thereby creating the Foundation for all medical applications, diagnosis and treatment. Practical medicine: In medicine, there is also a practical, or clinical, medicine (medical practice) the practical application of accumulated medical science knowledge for the treatment of diseases and pathological conditions of the human body.

Demonstrative medicine In modern medical science, the criteria of evidence-based medicine are increasingly used, which requires strict evidence of the effectiveness of certain methods of treatment, prevention or diagnosis by methodologically correctly performed RCTS (randomized controlled trials) double-blind placebo- controlled clinical trials. Any other methods that have not been confirmed to be effective in RCTS are rejected as irrelevant and ineffective, regardless of their apparent effectiveness in open trials, when some study participants know what kind of impact the patient receives. Since the probability of many diseases increases with age, intensively developed from the standpoint of evidence-based medicine such sections as gerontology and geriatrics, studying the problems of aging retardation, anti-age therapy and preventive medicine in the elderly and senile age.

The history of some authors refers to the Humanities, others to the social Sciences, and can be considered as an area between the Humanities and social Sciences. The study of history is often associated with certain practical or theoretical goals, but can also be a manifestation of ordinary human curiosity. Historiography The term historiography has several meanings. First, it is the science of how history is written, how correctly the historical method is applied, and how it develops. Second, the same term refers to a collection of historical works, often thematically or otherwise selected from the General population (for example, historiography of the 1960s on the middle ages). Third, the term historiography denotes the reasons for the creation of historical works, revealed in the course of their analysis, by the choice of subjects, the way of interpretation of events, the personal beliefs of the author and the audience to which he refers, by the use of evidence or the method of references to other historians. Professional historians also discuss the possibility of creating a single story about the history of mankind or a series of such stories competing for the audience.

Philosophy of history The philosophy of history is a part of philosophy trying to solve the question of the ultimate meaning of human history. The same field of philosophy includes speculation about the possible teleological end of history, that is, whether history develops according to some plan, whether it has some purpose, guiding principles and whether it is finite in time. The philosophy of history should not be confused with historiography, that is, with the study of history as an academic discipline that has certain methods, their practical application and its own history of development. On the other hand, we should not confuse the philosophy of history with the history of philosophy, that is, the study of the history of philosophical thought. Professional historians also discuss whether history is a science or a free art. This division is largely artificial, since history as a field of knowledge is usually considered in different aspects.