«Speech melody» (main component of intonation), the variations in the pitch of the voice which take place when voiced sounds (esp. vowels & sonorants) are pronounced in connected speech. SPEECH MELODY-

First, we must define term pitch The quality of a sound changes depending on the rate of vibration of our vocal cords. The more frequent the vocal cords vibrate within a time unit, the higher the sound that we perceive. The less frequent, the lower the sound. Pitch is particularly important because by varying the pitch we emphasize certain part of a word or certain words within a sentence. Briefly, pitch – the high or low level of sound. The combination of these levels on every utterance of the rising and falling pitch is called intonation or melody of speech.

The pitch or speech melody = variations in the height of the voice during speech. A pitch level = a certain relative height within the speaker's voice range The interval between two different pitch levels is called the pitch range.

Stress in speech = greater prominence which is given to one or more words in a sentence as compared with the other words of the same sentence. The voice quality (tamber) = a special coloring of the voice in pronouncing sentences which shows the speaker's emotions, such as joy, sadness, irony, anger, indignation, etc. The tempo of speech = the speed with which sentences or their parts are pronounced. Rhythm= the recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less equal intervals of time.

Common pitch patterns: Common pitch patterns: (used in ordinary sentences) (used in WH-questions (used in WH-questions)

2-4-1 (used for strong feelings or emotions)

Functions: -organizes the phrase, dividing it into syntagmas and rhythmic groups and linking its parts; -highlights the communicative types of utterances (declarative, imperative, interrogative sentences). -highlights the most important part of the statement (grammatically significant part of a phrase) -expresses emotions, shades of modality, irony, subtext. Speech melody is a key aspect of the intonation in any language. It has to deal with the way pitch continually rises and falls along a given sentence. In tonal languages, which include Vietnamese, Chinese, melody of speech differs meaning of word due to the type of melodic movement within a syllable or its position

While speech melody refers to all pitch variations associated with speech communication, intonation refers specifically to the pitch contour of an utterance generated post-lexically and that is associated with the concept of an intonational phrase. Intonation differs from pitch changes associated with tones or accents, which are determined lexically and which are associated with the syllable

Models of speech melody There are three dominant models of speech melody: AM theory, the CR model, and PENTA model. Briefly, AM theory only highlights phonologically salient melodic excursions associated with elements in intonational phrases, including pitch accents and boundary tones. On the other hand, CR imitates speech melody by mathematically generating pitch contours, and connecting pitch targets. Finally, PENTA assigns a pitch target to each syllable of an intonational phrase. While all these linguistic models claim to represent speech prosody, the fact that speech rhythm is integral to speech prosody and that rhythm and melody interact is largely ignored. As such, these models are only successful at representing some aspects of speech prosody, but present limitations at capturing the larger picture.

The use of musical notation provides a new and improved paradigm for model speech melody in terms of intervals. Musical notation can simultaneously represent both the rhythm and melody of speech using a common set of symbols. The use of semitones provides a superior approach to describing speech melody, since semitones correspond to the logarithmic manner by which pitches are perceived by the human ear.

Tone is the major pitch movement within the tone unit. Theoverall behavior of pitch is tone Choice of pitch movement The meaning component deriving from tone does not attachto the word level only but to the complete tone unit. The prominent words are the sub-classes of the tonicsyllabus. The communication value of prominence and tone choicedepends on interaction between listener and speaker. When is the meeting? On Saturday afterNOON On SATurday afternoon Tone

2) BY VARYING THE TENSION OF THE VOCAL CORDS THUS PRODUCING A TONE OF VARYING PITCH. 1) BY KEEPING THE VOCAL CORDS AT A CONSTANT TENSION THUS PRODUCING A TONE OF UNVARYING PITCH. tones dynamic static Produced

Tone functions First possibility of pitch movement and variation in is on head of the tone- unit. Second possibility the movement and variation of pitch for tonic syllable, in the form of rise and fall. all that part of a tone-unit that extends from the first syllable up to tonic syllabus. Pitch possibilities in the head: 1. High Head 2. Low head

The stressed syllable which begins the head is high in pitch,usually it is higher than the beginning pitch of the tone on the tonic syllable. High Heads

In the low head the stressed syllable which begins the head is low in pitch, it is lower than the beginning pitch of the tone on the tonic syllable Low Heads

Unstressed syllables continue the pitch of the stressed syllable that precedes them with high and low heads. Low Head We asked if it had come.

Pitch movement in tonic syllable Tones are divided into two classes: static tone kinetic tone Halliday lists five intonation choices for the falling and rising tone movements. Static tone - a syllable is pronounced on a level,no pitch variation Kinetic tone-change in pitch on physiological level by tension of vocal cords

Transcription of pitch movement Daniel Jones uses a graphic transcription with a stave of three horizontal lines. -Upper and lower limits of speakers Voice range. -Top, middle and bottom -Stressed & unstressed syllable have small and large dots respectively.

Polarity (truth value or validity)is known and stated, there is certainty with Yes or No A fall in the voice from a fairly high pitch to a very low one. On a single syllable the voice falls within the syllable. The Falling tone-(The glide-down) The Falling Tone On more than one syllable the voice either falls within the stressed syllable or it moves down to the next syllable. Unstressed syllables at the end are all very low.

Pre-head + tonic syllable Any unstressed syllable before the tonic syllable have low pitch. The Rising-tone (The glide-up ) - Polarity (truth-value) is unknown and information is required. - The tone conveys an impression that something more is to follow. - Frequently accompany polite and friendly feelings The Falling tone-(The glide-down)

With the rise-fall tone we find a similar situation: if the tonic syllable is followed by a single syllable in the tail, the rise part of the tone takes place on the first (tonic) syllable and the fall part is on the second.ˆno ˆno one ˆno sir Rising Tone the Glide-Up The rise in the glide-up either take place on one syllable, before the rise any stress word is felt to be important but there is no change of pitch The Rise-Fall Tone (compound tone)

The pitch movement are distorted by the structure of syllables they occur on. If there is a tail of two or more syllable the normal pitch movement fall on the tonic syllable and to remain low until the last stress syllable I.Might have.thought of.buying it Most of it was for them The Rise-Fall Tone (compound tone) When there are two or more syllables in the tail, the syllable immediately following the tonic syllable is always higher and any following syllables are low. Fall –Rise tones(compound tone)

The fall is on the first stress syllable, the fall and rise are separated. The rise is on the last stressed syllable. Glide down and Glide up tone. Pitch movement is for the pitch to fall on the tonic syllable and remain low until the last syllable in the tail. The Fall-Rise Tone (compound tone)

Conclusion Consequently, the melody of language is one of the main tools for the transfer of our emotions and different meanings of the same words, different patterns of feelings and senses through the increase and decrease of tones.

Thank you for attention.