Biomaterials

Injuries make surgical repair or replacement necessary. Replacement skeletal parts that include knees, hips, finger joints, elbows, vertebrae, teeth and Mandi repair. The world biomaterials market is estimated at $24,000 M. orthopedic and dental applications make up approximately 55% of the total biomaterials market. In 2000, the world production of orthopaedic products exceeded $ 13 billion.

Biomaterial is by definition "a non-drug substance that enhances or replaces the function of tissues or organs of the body". a century ago, artificial materials and devices were developed that can replace various components of the human body. These materials are capable of being in contact with bodily fluids and tissues for prolonged periods of time.

Some of the earliest applications of biomaterials were in ancient Phoenicia, where loose teeth were bound together with gold wires to bind artificial teeth to adjacent teeth. In the early 1900s bone plates were successfully implemented to stabilize bone fractures and accelerate their healing.

Even in the preliminary stages of this field, surgeons and engineers identified materials and design problems that led to premature loss of implant function due to mechanical failure, corrosion or insufficient biocompatibility of the component. The key factors in the use of biomaterial are its biocompatibility, bio-functionality and accessibility to a lesser extent. Ceramics are ideal candidates in relation to all the above functions, except for their fragile behavior.

Classification of biomaterials according to their biological activity (a) biocosic alumina implantation, (b) bioactive hydroxyapatite [CA10(PO4)6(Oh)2] coating on metal dental implant (C) surface-active bioglass and (D) bioresorbable tricalcium phosphate ([CA3(PO4)2] impant. It is generally accepted that no foreign material placed in a living body is fully compatible. The only substances that are fully compliant are those that are produced by the organism itself (autogenous) and any other substance that is recognized as foreign, initiates any type of reaction (host tissue reaction). Four types of responses that allow different ways to achieve the attachment of implants to the skeletal muscle system.

When the synthetic material is placed within the human body, the tissue reacts to the implant in a variety of ways depending on the material type. The mechanism of tissue interaction (if any) depends on the reaction of the tissue to the implant surface. In General, there are three terms in which biomaterial can be described or classified as representing tissue reactions. They are bioinert, bioresorbable, and bioactive, which are well covered in a range of excellent review papers.

The term bioinert refers to any material that, once placed in the human body, has minimal interaction with the surrounding tissue, examples of which are stainless steel, titanium, alumina, partially stabilized zirconium and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. As a rule, fibrous capsule can be formed around bioinert implants, so its bio-functionality depends on the integration of tissues through the implant.

Bioactive is a material that, when placed in the human body, interacts with the surrounding bone and, in some cases, even with a soft cloth. This occurs through a time-dependent kinetic modification of the surface caused by their implantation into the living bone. The ion exchange reaction between the bioactive implant and the surrounding body fluids leads to the formation of a biologically active carbonate Apatite (CHAp) layer on the implant, chemically and crystallographically equivalent to the mineral phase in the bone. Bright examples of such materials are synthetic hydroxyapatite[CA10(PO4)6(Oh) 2], glass, ceramic-W and bioglass

Bioresorbable refers to a material that upon placement within the human body begins to dissolve (resorbed) and is slowly replaced by advancing tissue (such as bone). Common examples of bioresorbable materials are tricalcium phosphate [CA3(PO4)2] and polylactic–polyglycolic acid, copolymers. Calcium oxide, calcium carbonate and gypsum are other common materials