Kazakh-Russian Medical University Theme:Bronchitis Faculty:GM Group:103 A Done by:Kobesh A Cheked by:Abdykadirova G.

Plan: Bronchitis 1 Classification 2 Acute bronchitis 2.1 Etiology (causes of) 2.2 Pathogenesis 2.3 The course of the disease and prognosis 2.4 Treatment 3 Chronic bronchitis

Bronchitis Bronchitis (lat. Bronchitis, bronchus by + -itis - inflammation) - a disease of the respiratory system in which the inflammatory process involved in the bronchi. It is one of the most frequent reasons for seeking medical care.In the majority of cases of acute bronchitis its cause is an infection, such as viral or bacterial, and require treatment with antibiotics or antiviral drugs. Chronic bronchitis may develop as a complication of acute or as a result of long-acting non-infectious irritants, such as dust. In some cases, bronchitis developing bronchial obstruction due to swelling of the mucous membrane, such is called obstructive bronchitis. Treatment of bronchitis depends on a provoking factor, such as the flow and form of the disease.

Classification "International Classification of Diseases" includes two forms of bronchitis: Acute bronchitis - acute diffuse inflammation of the mucosa of the tracheobronchial tree, characterized by an increase in the volume of bronchial secretion with cough and sputum. Chronic bronchitis - diffuse progressive damage of the bronchial tree to the restructuring of the secretory apparatus of the mucous membrane with the development of the inflammatory process, accompanied by hypersecretion of mucus, a violation of the cleaning and protective function of the bronchi. Acute and chronic bronchitis differ significantly from each other in the etiology, pathogenesis and therapeutics.

Acute bronchitis Etiology (causes of) In most cases, the cause of acute bronchitis are viruses (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinoviruses, and others.) And bacteria (pneumococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, and others.). Less common causes as bronchitis protrude fungi, contact with allergens or inhalation of toxic substances. The most common route of infection - airborne, ie inhalation of infected droplets of saliva in contact with the ailing man (while talking, coughing, sneezing, kissing).

Risk Factors Smoking Asthma Genetic Social class (Independent ? Of other factors) Pollution Occupational dust exposure Recurrent infection

Pathogenesis Viruses or chemical, physical impact damage epithelial cells of the bronchial mucosa and cause their death, which creates favorable conditions for the penetration of the tissue of the bronchi of the bacterial flora (most pneumococcus and gemmofilnoy sticks). The bacterial flora is usually attached to the viral infection of the respiratory tract with 2-3 days of illness. This determines the further course of the inflammation has arisen, which is aggravated violation of microcirculation, trophic and nervous mikrotrombozov. Usually, the inflammation disappears and mucosal lesions of the respiratory tract is restored within a few weeks. In some patients the disease process does not regress and becomes chronic. In mild cases, the morphological changes limited to the mucosa, heavy - captured all the layers of the bronchial wall. The mucosa appears edematous, hyperemic, with the presence of mucous, mucopurulent or purulent exudate on the surface. In severe hemorrhage is often seen in the mucous membrane, exudate may acquire a hemorrhagic character. In some cases there is complete obstruction of the lumen secret small bronchi and bronchioles.

The disease and the prognosis Acute bronchitis usually lasts about 10 days. Like other respiratory diseases, bronchitis can accompany a cold or flu, or arise as a result, but may start by itself, without apparent prior occasion. The disease usually begins with a dry cough, which may be strong, especially at night, and may thus deprive suffering from the disease of normal sleep and rest. After a few days of dry cough turns into productive cough that may be accompanied by a slight fever, fatigue, headaches. Fever, malaise, fatigue and apathy of the state can take just a few days, but the cough can last for several weeks. In some people, the cough can last several months, as the healing of the inflammation of the bronchial passages - a slow process. If the cough lasts for more than a month, it is necessary to consult a specialist, pulmonologist and find out whether there have respiratory irritation and coughing any other reason, apart from inflammation. In some patients, prolonged bronchitis for several months irritation of the bronchial passages can lead to asthma. Be sure to consult a doctor if the patient is coughing up phlegm with blood, to prevent serious diseases such as tuberculosis or lung cancer.

Treatment In most cases, acute bronchitis is caused by a virus and not a bacterial infection, and acute stage usually takes place without the use of antibiotics by itself within a week. Antibiotics can be used to treat bronchitis, having a bacterial origin, and sometimes as an aid in cases of suspected possible complications or comorbidities. Recently uncomplicated acute bronchitis is considered as a more inflammatory and not infectious process, and therefore the anti-inflammatory therapy is more justified than antimicrobial. However, in a randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted in Spain, it was shown slight differences in the efficiency of anti-inflammatory treatment (ibuprofen 600 mg every 8 hours for 10 days) compared to placebo and antibiotic (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid 500 / 125 mg every 8 hours for 10 days). There are effective non-pharmacological methods of treatment of cough, including acute bronchitis, which is useful to apply as in the presence of a prescribed drug treatment, and in his absence. The patient needs a lot of rest and drink a lot. Requires sufficient number of non- caffeinated beverages, such as water or juice or herbal tea (2 - 4 liters of fluid per day). [8] In a cold climate to treat cough traditionally recommended warm drink tea with raspberry, honey, lime color; warmed alkaline mineral water. Since inflammation of the bronchial passages, usually accompanied by inflammation of the throat and, during bronchitis recommended soft, unsharp, without causing irritation of the throat food.

As warming antitussive used rubbing warm camphor oil. As the dry air condition of the patient can worsen bronchitis, be sure to take measures to increase humidity in the room. You can use a humidifier or a simple home remedy: as the drying is constantly hanging in the sickroom wet towels or sheets. This is especially important in cold climates where fall and winter interior heated and air are very dry. In cold climates, it is also important to pay attention to the temperature of the body and clothing. Bronchitis may be a violation of thermoregulation of the body and usually increases potoobrazovanie, with the allocation of unusually heavy perspiration can occur even with a small, habitual physical effort. Patients with bronchitis need to be dressed for the weather, so as not to freeze and do not catch a cold, but also necessary in the case of propotevanie to take a shower and be sure to change the wet clothes to dry. In order not to aggravate the condition by coughing and promote rapid healing of inflamed bronchial passages, smokers are strongly encouraged to drastically reduce the number of cigarettes [9] (and, if possible, it is better to completely quit smoking), and in any case to refrain from smoking in the room where they They live or work. During the period of recovery when recovering health and close to normal temperatures, but still tormented by a cough and still often disturbed sleep, it is advisable not to seek long lying in bed, and in the intervals of sleep to make short walks in the fresh air in the warm season - in the woods or the park or near the sea. This will help to expectorate sputum painful and improve the general condition, and ultimately help to normalize sleep more patient and restore his strength.

Chronic bronchitis Bronchitis is considered chronic if the cough with sputum lasts at least three months a year for two years or more. Chronic bronchitis (CB) is the most common chronic non-specific diseases of the respiratory system.