Tleugazy A. Pynzhebaev A.

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing of speech or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept

Introduction Metonymies are frequently used in literature and in everyday speech. A metonymy is a word or phrase that is used to stand in for another word. Sometimes a metonymy is chosen because it is well known characteristic of the word.

Examples Sentence has two examples of metonymy : The pen stands in for the written word. The sword stands in for military aggression and force.

Explanation Metonymy is a figure of speech in which thing or concept is called by its own name but rather by the name of something associated with meaning with that thing or concept. The word metonymy and metonym come from the Greek: metonymia, a change of name, from meta after, beyond and – onymia, a suffix used to name figures of speech, from name.

For Example For instance, Hollywood is used as a metonym for the U.S. film industry because of the fame and cultural identity of Hollywood, a district of the city of Los Angeles, California, as the historical center of film studios and film stars.

Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in every day talk and writing. Polysemy, multiple meanings of a single word or phrase, sometimes result from relations of metonymy. Both metonymy and metaphor involve the substitution of one term for another. In metaphor, this substitution is based on some specific analogy between two things, whereas in metonymy the substitution is based on some understood association or contiguity.

As with other literary devices, one of the main purposes of using a metonymy is to add flavor to the writing. Instead of just repeatedly saying, the staff at the restaurant or naming all of the elements of a dinner each time you want to refer to the meal, one word breaks up some of that awkwardness.

Using a metonymy serves as a double purpose – it breaks up any awkwardness of repeating the same phrase over and over and it changes the wording to make the sentence more interesting.

Conclusion In addition to its use in everyday speech, metonymy is a figure of speech in some poetry and in much rhetoric. Greek and Latin scholars of rhetoric made significant contributions to the study of metonymy.

Irony A literary technique that involves surprising, interesting, or amusing contradictions. A contrast between expectation and reality. Example: The scientific genius Albert Einstein flunked out of math when he was in high school.

Three types Verbal irony Situational irony Dramatic irony

Verbal Irony The use of words to mean something different from what a person actually says It is used by the speaker intentionally It occurs in a conversation where a person aims to be understood as meaning something different to what his or her words literally mean.

Examples of Verbal Irony Great, someone stained my new dress. Thanks for the ticket officer, you just made my day! I cant wait to read the seven hundred page report. Overstatement or Understatement *Sarcasm – used to insult or to cause harm

Situational Irony Occurs when the exact opposite of what is meant to happen, happens Involves a discrepancy between what is expected to happen and what actually happens

Example of Situational Irony When someone buys a gun to protect themselves, but the same gun is used by another individual to injure him. The expectation was the gun would keep him safe. But it actually caused him injury *There is a difference between situational irony and bad luck. For this irony to occur there has to be something that leads the person to think that a particular even or situation is unlikely to happen.

Dramatic Irony When the audience is aware of something that the characters in the story are not aware of. Three stages: Installation: audience is informed of something the character does not know about. Exploitation: using this information to develop curiosity among the audience Resolution: what happens when the character finally finds out what is going on

Examples of Dramatic Irony Think of tv shows or movies… where a detective does not know that the criminal responsible for the crime is actually his partner. The audience however is already aware of this fact and waits anxiously to know what will happen once the character finds out the truth. Ex of Tragic Irony: When a character orders poisoned food that is supposed to kill him or her and the audience already knows that the character is destined to die from food poisoning.