Semey State medical University CHAIR OF RUSSIAN AND FOREIGN LANGUAGES We were prepared: Akzam Samal 124 group Tested: Rymbaeva R.D. Semey, 2017

Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water and contains dissipated proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide, and blood cells themselves.

4.7 to 6.1 million (male), 4.2 to 5.4 million (female) erythrocytes: Red blood cells contain the blood's hemoglobin and distribute oxygen. Mature red blood cells lack a nucleus and organelles in mammals.

4,000–11,000 leukocytes:White blood cells are part of the body's immune system; they destroy and remove old or aberrant cells and cellular debris, as well as attack infectious agents (pathogens) and foreign substances.

200,000–500,000 thrombocytes: Also called platelets, they take part in blood clotting (coagulation). Fibrin from the coagulation cascade creates a mesh over the platelet plug.

About 55% of blood is blood plasma, a fluid that is the blood's liquid medium, which by itself is straw- yellow in color. The blood plasma volume totals of 2.7–3.0 liters (2.8–3.2 quarts) in an average human

Serum albumin Blood-clotting factors (to facilitate coagulation) Lipoprotein particles Various other proteins Various electrolytes (mainly sodium and chloride)

In vertebrates, the various cells of blood are made in the bone marrow in a process called hematopoiesis, which includes erythropoiesis, the production of red blood cells; and myelopoiesis, the production of white blood cells and platelets

Hemoglobin is the principal determinant of the color of blood in vertebrates. Each molecule has four heme groups, and their interaction with various molecules alters the exact color.

The heart and blood vessels form an intricate network throughout the human body. The anatomy of the four- chambered heart is central to the network and functions to maintain blood moving throughout the body.

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