The paired endocrine gland located in the retroperitoneal space above the upper pole of the kidney. Weight grams, the size of 50x25x5 mm. Inflow of blood along the upper (lower diaphragmatic), lower (renal) and middle (abdominal aorta) adrenal arteries, venous outflow along a single vein

Each adrenal gland distinguishes: - front surface (facies anterior), - the back surface (facies posterior), - a renal surface (facies renalis). Also, they distinguish: - the top edge (margo superior), - the medial margin (margo medialis).

Two layers: cerebral and cortical. Regulation - hypothalamic-pituitary system Adrenal function is also affected by factors such as salt intake, starvation, stresses resulting from injuries or diseases. Each layer produces certain hormones, the activity of which is regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

The cortex of the adrenal glands produces such hormones as: Hormones of the adrenal medulla: Cortisone Corticosterone Aldosterone Androgens AdrenalinNorepinephrine

Hormone Function Glucocorticoid-Participate in providing immunity, adaptation. -Regulate all kinds of metabolism. Mineralocorticoids-Saving in the organism Na -Excretion from the organism K - Anti-inflammatory action Androgens-Affect the formation of secondary sexual characteristics. Catecholamines-Increases the pulse, conduction and contractility in the heart, increasing pressure. -Expansion of the bronchi. - Dilatation of the pupil. -Increased sweating.

Cushing's Disease Severe neuroendocrine disease, which is based on a violation of regulatory mechanisms that control the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system. Manifestations of the disease are associated primarily with the excessive formation of adrenal hormones - corticosteroids.

Syndrome caused by an independent increase in the secretion of aldosterone. Causes: - Solitary adenoma of the adrenal cortex (80%) - Bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex - Combination of adenoma and hyperplasia - Aldesterone-producing adrenal carcinoma (very rare) Clinic: - Hypertension - Muscular weakness - Latent tetany and paresthesia

Hormonal-active tumor, which is responsible for the synthesis of catecholamines. Develops - from the brain substance of the adrenal glands. Causes: - thyroid cancer - Sturge-Weber Syndrome - Hyperparathyroidism Symptoms: - high blood pressure - pallor - Fear - convulsive conditions - pain in different parts of the body - nausea and vomiting - Dyspnea - increase of blood sugar level