EARTHQUAKES Vahid novruzov geography 7ib Vahid novruzov geography 7ib

EARTHQUAKES What to explore this week: Predictablity Linkages Disastrous consequences Impact of human activity Minimizing the impact What to explore this week: Predictablity Linkages Disastrous consequences Impact of human activity Minimizing the impact

Earthquake Terminology

What causes earthquakes? Elastic Rebound Sources of stress Plate Tectonics Other stresses Elastic Rebound Sources of stress Plate Tectonics Other stresses

Measurement Magnitude one per earthquake related to energy released Richter or Moment scale Magnitude one per earthquake related to energy released Richter or Moment scale Intensity many for each earthquake measure of effects Mercalli scale

Damage: Causes Ground motion Duration of Shaking Surface Rupture Poor building design Ground motion Duration of Shaking Surface Rupture Poor building design

Effects Rupture Death Bldg collapse Rupture Death Bldg collapse

Effects Fires Liquifaction Landslides Fires Liquifaction Landslides

Damage: Key Factors Amount & duration of shaking Water content of soil Population concentration Building construction Distance from Epicenter Depth of focus Direction of rupture Material amplification Amount & duration of shaking Water content of soil Population concentration Building construction Distance from Epicenter Depth of focus Direction of rupture Material amplification

Addressing the Hazard Identify areas at risk Forecast Identify areas at risk Forecast

Addressing the Hazard Structural adaptations Warning systems Structural adaptations Warning systems

EARTHQUAKES In what ways are earthquakes predictable? To what other hazards are earthquakes linked? What are the potentially disastrous consequences of earthquakes? In what ways has human activity made earthquake hazards catastrophic? How can the hazardous consequences of earthquakes be minimized? In what ways are earthquakes predictable? To what other hazards are earthquakes linked? What are the potentially disastrous consequences of earthquakes? In what ways has human activity made earthquake hazards catastrophic? How can the hazardous consequences of earthquakes be minimized?