Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Distillation

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Distillation

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Still Cleaning Still cleaning with rubber gloves, HCI acid bottle, the sand paper and the brush is not the most friendly occupation in the lab. But it is necessary to prevent salts deposits on the still

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Distillation: Summary AdvantagesDisadvantages Removes a large percentage of all type of contaminants Produce water with resistivity between 0.2 and 1 Megohm.cm Average investment Well known and perceived as easy to operate Not all contaminants are removed and several are generated during the process Process accidents can happen and are not monitored High operating costs due to electric heating(0.8KW/L) and water cooling(15L/L) Regular maintenance (acid cleaning) or pretreatment(DI) is actually required to ensure optimum performance Conclusion: Distillation is not the reference!

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Distillation: Technology Limitations Particulates: may be carried-over with water droplets in the steam flow or moving inside the water film along the still walls Bacteria: usually killed during the process, but recontamination of the distillate is easy Typical conductivity of freshly distilled water: 0.4 to 2.5μs/cm (specified, but usually not measured: still are not delivered with a conductivity meter) Organics: TOC level is never clearly indicated in stills specifications. It will depend on the nature and concentration of organics in water and can be expected around 100 ppb TOC

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Distillation: Operating Costs Heating water: 0.8KW/L purified water Cooling water: 15L/L purified water Cleaning: about 1 hour every week with HCI (if no pre treatment) Repair of glass elements broken during cleaning procedure: variable Replacement of heating elements: 1 to 2 per year For double distillation: double the above costs Pretreatment (Filtration and/or DI) reduces the cleaning frequency but generates other costs

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Filtration

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Filtration AfterBefore

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Filtration Depth filters = matrix of randomly oriented fibers in a maze of flow channels. Screen filters = rigid, uniform continuous mesh of polymeric material with pore size precisely determined during manufacture. 2 types of filters: depth & screen (or membrane) filters. Depth filters : for RO protection from fouling (high particle capacity). Membrane filters : for retention of small amounts (quick clogging) of small particulates like bacteria. Additional treatment: –Depth filters : for heavily loaded feed water with particles (SDI over specification). –Screen filters : for a final low pore size filtration downstream the system. –Charge filters : for pyrogen removal, in-line distribution loop

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Filtration Summary –Depth Filters Random Structure Nominal retention rating Works by entrapment within depths of filter media High dirt holding capacity –Screen/Membrane Filters Uniform Structure Absolute retention rating Works largely by surface sieving Low dirt holding capacity

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Adsorption

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Adsorption Activated carbon removes: –Dissolved organics –Free and combined chlorine Used prior to RO membranes, in polishing loops and in composite vent filters used on reservoirs

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Adsorption

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Reverse Osmosis

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Natural Osmosis Pure Water Semi-Permeable Reverse Osmosis Water Plus Contaminants Osmotic Pressure Pure water will pass though the membrane trying to dilute the contaminants ~100 ppm NaCl = 1 psi of osmotic pressure Membrane

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Reverse Osmosis Pressure applied in the reverse direction exceeding the osmotic pressure will force pure water through the membrane A reject line is added to rinse contaminants to drain Pure Water Semi-Permeable Reverse Osmosis Water Plus Contaminants Pressure Reject

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- RO membrane Product water Drainage water Inflow water RO Tangential Flow

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Reverse Osmosis RO Membrane Feed Product Ions Particles Organics Micro-organisms Gases Reject Ions >95% Organics Particles Micro-organisms Ions <5% Low MW Organics Gases

Heal Force Laboratory Division -Heal Force leads you to healthier life- Reverse Osmosis Summary Benefits All types of contaminants removed: ions, organics - pyrogens, viruses, bacteria, particulates & colloids. Low operating costs due to low energy needs. Minimum maintenance (no strong acid or bases cleaning) Good control of operating parameters. Ideal protection for ion-exchange resin polisher: a large ionic part already removed ( resin lifetime), particulates, organics, colloids also eliminated (no fouling). Limitations RO membrane sensitivity to plugging (particulates), fouling (organic,colloids), piercing (particle, chemical attack) and scaling (CaCO 3 ) in the long run if not properly protected. Need of right pressure (5 bars) & right pH for proper ion rejection. Flow fluctuation with pressure and temperature.