Using Information Technology Chapter 5 Hardware: The CPU & Storage

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 2 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hardware: The CPU & Storage How to Buy a Multimedia Computer System 5.1Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility 5.2The System Unit 5.3Secondary Storage 5.4Future Developments in Processing & Storage

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 3 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility Transistor - a tiny electrically operated switch, or gate, that can alternate between on and off many millions of times per second 1940s vacuum tube towering over 1950s transistor From Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 4 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Miniaturization Miracles: Microchips, Microprocessors, & Micromachines Microchips store and process data in all the electronic gadgetry A microprocessor is the miniaturized circuitry of a computer processor

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 5 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5.2 The System Unit The binary system has only two digits - 0 and 1 Bit - binary digit Byte - group of 8 bits used to represent one character, digit, or other value The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 6 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions Kilobyte1000 bytes Megabyte1,000,000 bytes (one million) Gigabyte1,000,000,000 bytes (one billion) Terabyte1 trillion bytes Petabyte1 quadrillion bytes

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 7 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions ASCII - the binary code most widely used with microcomputers EBCDIC - used with large computers Unicode - uses two bytes for each character rather than one byte (8 bits)

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 8 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Machine Language Machine language - a binary-type programming language built into the CPU that the computer can run directly

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 9 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Computer Case: Bays, Buttons & Boards Bay - a shelf or opening used for the installation of electronic equipment System unit - houses the motherboard, power supply, and storage devices Case – the empty box with just power supply Overhead view of system unit

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 10 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Power Supply Power supply - a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer Expansion – a way of increasing a computers capabilities by adding hardware to perform tasks beyond the scope of the basic system Motherboard - the main circuit board in the system unit

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 11 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip Two principal architectures or designs of microprocessors: CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) - Supports a large number of instructions at relatively low processing speeds RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) - Used mostly in workstations, a great many seldom-used instructions are eliminated.

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 12 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip Two kinds of microprocessors used in most personal computers today: Intel-type chips made by Intel, AMD, and others Motorola-type chips made by Motorola for Apple Macintosh computers

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 13 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Micro- computers WorkstationsMainframes Super- computers Megahertz & Gigahertz X MIPS XX FLOPS X Fractions of a second XXXX Processing Speeds: From Megahertz to Picoseconds

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 14 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 15 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Registers The CPU follows the instructions of the software to manipulate data into information.

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 16 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Registers The CPU consist of: The control unit – for directing electronic signals The arithmetic/logic unit – for arithmetic and logical operations and to control the speed of those operations

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 17 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash Types of memory chips: 1 RAM – to temporarily store program instructions and data 2 ROM – to store fixed start-up instructions 3 CMOS – to store flexible start-up instructions 4 Flash – to store flexible programs

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 18 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. How Cache Works: Level 1 (Internal) & Level 2 (External) CacheCache - temporary storage for instructions and data that the processor is likely to use frequently, thus speeding up processing Level 1 (L1) cache – part of the processor chip Level 2 (L2) cache – is not part of the microprocessor chip Virtual memory - free hard-disk space used to extend the capacity of RAM

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 19 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables A port is a connecting socket or jack on the outside of the system unit into which are plugged different kinds of cables. 1. Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after another 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port 4. USB port 5. FireWire port 6. 6Dedicated port 7. Infrared port

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 20 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port - transmits 8 bits simultaneously 3. SCSI port 4. USB port 5. FireWire port 6. Dedicated port 7. Infrared port The back of a Macintosh machine

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 21 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port - allows data to be transmitted in a daisy chain to up to 7 devices 4. USB port 5. FireWire port 6. Dedicated port 7. Infrared port

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 22 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port 4. USB port - can theoretically connect up to 127 peripheral devices daisy-chained to one general-purpose port 5. FireWire port 6. Dedicated port 7. Infrared port USB port and connector

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 23 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port 4. USB port 5. FireWire port – for camcorders, DVD players, and TVs 6. Dedicated port 7. Infrared port

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 24 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port 4. USB port 5. FireWire port 6. Dedicated port - special-purpose ports 7. Infrared port Dedicated ports: mouse port, modem port, and keyboard port

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 25 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Ports & Cables 1. Serial port 2. Parallel port 3. SCSI port 4. USB 5. FireWire port 6. Dedicated port 7. Infrared port - allows a computer to make a cableless connection with infrared-capable devices

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 26 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expandability: Buses & Cards Expansion slots - sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards Expansion cards - circuit boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral devices

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 27 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expandability: Buses & Cards ISA bus - for ordinary low-speed uses; the most widely used expansion bus PCI bus - for higher-speed uses; used to connect graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and high-speed network cards AGP bus - for even higher speeds and 3D graphics

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 28 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Expandability: Buses & Cards Graphics cards - for monitors Sound cards - for speakers and audio output Modem cards - for remote communication via phone lines Network interface cards - for remote communication via cable PC cards - for laptop computers

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 29 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5.3 Secondary Storage Floppy disk - a removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5- inch plastic case Floppy Disks

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 30 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Floppy-Disk Cartridges Zip disks – 100, 250, or 750 megabytes 3.5-inch floppy disks – 1.44 megabytes Zip disk Floppy disk

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 31 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hard Disks Hard disksHard disks - thin but rigid metal, glass, or ceramic platters covered with a substance that allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 32 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hard Disks Head crash - An event that happens when the surface of the read/write head or particles on its surface come into contact with the surface of the hard-disk platter, causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk.

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 33 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hard Disks Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a microcomputer system unit and used to store nearly all programs and most data files

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 34 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Hard Disks Removable hard disks - one or two platters enclosed along with read/write heads in a hard plastic case, which is inserted into a microcomputers cartridge drive Bits on disk - dark stripes are 0 bits and bright stripes are 1 bits

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 35 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs Optical disk - a removable disk on which data is written and read through the use of laser beams

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 36 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs CD-ROM - read only. For pre- recorded text, graphics, and sound CD-R - for recording on once CD-RW - for rewriting many times

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 37 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Optical Disks: CDs & DVDs DVD-ROMDVD-ROM - for reading only DVD-R - for recording on once For rewriting many times: DVD-RW DVD-RAM DVD+RW

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 38 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Magnetic Tape Magnetic tape - thin plastic tape coated with a substance that can be magnetized (for 1s) or left non-magnetized (for 0s) Tape cartridges - modules resembling audio cassettes that contain tape in rectangular, plastic housings Magnetic tape Tape cartridge

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 39 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Smart Cards Smart card - looks like a credit card but contains a microprocessor embedded in the card Optical card Optical card - plastic, laser-recordable, wallet- type card used with an optical-card reader Smart card

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 40 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Flash Memory Cards Flash memory card - circuitry on credit-card-size PC card that can be inserted into slots connecting to the motherboard on notebook computers

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 41 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Online Secondary Connected Online Backup

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 42 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5.4 Future Developments in Processing and Storage Processing Selling processing power over the internet Combining functions on a single chip Nanotechnology Storage Higher-density disks Molecular electronics

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 43 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which binary code is most often used with microcomputers? ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 44 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check How many bytes are in a terabyte? One trillion

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 45 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which type of CD can be written to only once? CD-R

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 46 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which binary code can represent all the characters of virtually every language in existence? UNICODE

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 47 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for storage that loses its contents when the power is turned off? Volatile

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 48 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the name for the rings on a diskette along which data is recorded? Tracks

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 49 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which chip architecture provides faster processing speed--CISC or RISC? RISC

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 50 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are flops? Floating-point operations per second, a measure of supercomputer processing speed

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 51 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check Which measure of storage represents one billion bytes? Gigabyte

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 52 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What are the two parts of the CPU? Control unit and arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 53 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for increasing a computers capabilities by adding hardware to perform tasks beyond the scope of the basic system? Expansion

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 54 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is a gigahertz? A measure of processing speed representing one billion cycles per second.

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 55 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for the special high-speed memory area on a chip that the CPU can access quickly? Cache

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 56 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What element are wafers composed of? Silicon

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 57 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is a leading brand of floppy-disk cartridge? Zip disks

Hardware--The CPU & Storage 58 Copyright © Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Concept Check What is the term for hard disk space that is used as primary storage? Virtual memory