Passive Voice Страдательный Залог

Страдательный залог – над предметом совершают действие

Мы используем Passive, когда: деятель неизвестен, неважен или очевиден из контекста The criminal has been arrested; действие важнее, чем деятель Trespassers will be prosecuted; делаем акцент на деятеле The flowers were sent by the Queen herself; хотим сделать утверждение более вежливым или формальным My bag has been ruined; не хотим говорить, кто виноват в неприятном событии Hundreds of people were injured in the train crash.

Построение Passive Voice Tense ACTIVE PASSIVE Present SimpleChildren make tea. Mary makes tea. Tea is made by children/Mary. Present Continuous Mary is making tea. I am making tea. They are making tea. Tea is being made by Mary/me/them. Present PerfectMary has made tea. Children have made tea. Tea has been made by Mary/children. Past SimpleMary made tea.Tea was made by Mary. Past ContinuousMary was making tea. Children were making tea. Tea was being made by Mary/children. Past PerfectMary had made tea.Tea had been made by Mary. Future SimpleMary will make tea.Tea will be made by Mary. Future PerfectMary will have made tea.Tea will have been made by Mary. InfinitiveMary has to make tea.Tea has to be made by Mary. Modal VerbsMary may make tea.Tea may be made by Mary.

Перевод Active в Passive ACTIVE Sub. Verb Obj. Liz painted a portrait PASSIVE Sub. Verb Agent A portrait was painted by Liz

В Passive могут употребляться только переходные глаголы (после которых может стоять дополнение) NB: Некоторые переходные глаголы не употребляются в Passive: have, exist, seem, fit, suit, resemble, lack, и т.д. (V) This colour suits you. (X) This colour is suited by you.

В разговорной речи о вещах, которые произошли неожиданно, случайно, вместо to be можно употреблять to get The cat got shocked by his masters behaviour.

by – говорим о agent with – говорим об object, instrument, material, ingredient agent This photo was taken by my brother. instrument This photo was taken with a digital camera.

Если в качестве agent употребляются такие слова, как people, someone, one…, то agent опускает People have discovered the truth. = The truth has been discovered. Agent не опускается, если это обозначает важного или определённого человека или необходимого для значения предложения The novel was written by Graham Greene.

Глаголы, которые могут иметь два дополнения (косвенное и прямое), могут строить две пассивные конструкции: bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, sell, read, offer, give, lend и т.д. Active: Philip will send Sarah a gift. Passive: Sarah will be sent a gift. (more usual) Passive: A gift will be sent to Sarah by Philip. (less usual)

В вопросах с who, whom, which в Passive by не опускается Who gave you this book? – ACTIVE Who were you given this book by? - PASSIVE

За глаголами hear, help, make, see в PASSIVE следует ИНФИНИТИВ Active Passive She made me lie I was made to lie. NB: После hear, see, watch может следовать PRESENT PARTICIPLE в действительном или страдательном залоге Active Passive We saw her sealing She was seen stealing. © Шмурина Т.М.