A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture Rocks change over time through the rock cycle
Igneous rock form by cooling of magma in a process called crystallization. Magma can form: When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C Magma is a mixture of many minerals (silcates & gases etc.) occurring at depths as great as 200 km in the interior of earth
Plutonic Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earths surface Volcanic Igneous Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earths surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed
Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
Felsic Mafic Coarse-GrainedFine-Grained Granite Gabbro Basalt Rhyolite
Obsidian What is Obsidian? Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form. Is this rock Felsic or Mafic? Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained? Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive? Is this rock Felsic or Mafic? Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained? Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive? Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion Sediments are moved from one place to another Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom The layers become compacted and cemented together
Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the Earths surface No heat and pressure involved Strata – layers of rock Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers
Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartz Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together. Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter). The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.
Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters. It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.
Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels. Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels.
Meaning to change shape Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid Usually takes place deep in the Earth
Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism igh&fr=t
Regional Metamorphism – pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth Large pieces of the Earths crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure
Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals. Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains. It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.
Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands Marble is a non- foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. Marble is a non- foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.
Determine if the following rock samples are foliated or non-foliated: Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllite Foliated