Unit 1 Technological and Environmental Transformations, to c. 600 B.C.E. A lot of this presentation is modified from…

Key Concept 1.3. The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral, and Urban Societies From about 5,000 years ago, urban societies developed, laying the foundations for the first civilizations. The term civilization is normally used to designate large societies with cities and powerful states. While there were many differences between civilizations, they also shared important features. They all produced agricultural surpluses that permitted significant specialization of labor. All civilizations contained cities and generated complex institutions, such as political bureaucracies, armies, and religious hierarchies. They also featured clearly stratified social hierarchies and organized long-distance trading relationships. Economic exchanges intensified within and between civilizations, as well as with nomadic pastoralists. As populations grew, competition for surplus resources, especially food, led to greater social stratification, specialization of labor, increased trade, more complex systems of government and religion, and the development of record keeping. As civilizations expanded, they had to balance their need for more resources with environmental constraints such as the danger of undermining soil fertility. Finally, the accumulation of wealth in settled communities spurred warfare between communities and/or with pastoralists; this violence drove the development of new technologies of war and urban defense. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations: Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America The first states emerged within core civilizations. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated including the Hittites, who had access to iron had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods. Required examples of new religious beliefs: The Vedic religion Hebrew monotheism Zoroastrianism Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and transregional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. Required examples of trade expansion from local to regional and transregional: Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Literature was also a reflection of culture.

Before we jump into learning about the Ancient Period, lets quickly review what we have done so far.

200k yrs ago Human Origins Today10,000 years ago Pre-history (before writing) Our Course Homo erectus doing lunch You will probably recall that life 200,000 years ago looked something like this.

200k yrs ago Human Origins Today10k years ago Pre-history (before writing) Our Course Homo sapiens at home 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pre-history Period, life looked more like this:

Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago Notice any changes? Would you say there were: (c) Lots of changes? (b) Some changes? (a) No changes?

Hints So, we will go with (c) Lots of changes in Big Era Two, right? Before moving on, jot them down. Americas Are these going to be on the test? Do you recall any of them? Boomerang So, its antelope burgers tonight, right?

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period Check your answers below: Changes that occurred by the end of Prehistoric Period (Beginning of Paleolithic Period) 1.Homo sapiens appear. 2.Language develops. 3.Habitats expand. 4.Technology multiplies. 5.Wall painting and sculpture are created. End of Paleolithic Period

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Keeping those changes in mind, lets look at life all the way at the end of Ancient Period, that is, about 500 BCE.

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period

Quite a few, Huh? Notice any Differences?

Jot down some notes on what events you think might have taken place between 10,000 and 1,000 BCE. HERE? HERE to So, how did we get from…

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period which reflects the DOMESTICATION of… and plantsanimals One of the major changes is reflected in this frieze on a wall in Mesopotamia (today Iraq) :

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Have you herd about pastoralism? Domestication of plants and animals was a monumental change. It resulted in the new way of living we know as FARMING (AGRICULTURE)… …which included both PASTORALISM (herding sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels), and…

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Crop-growing (cultivating domesticated plants), and…

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period Mesoamerica AndesAmazonia Eastern North America New Guinea China Ethiopia West Africa Fertile Crescent Between about 12,000 and 1,000 BCE, farming appeared INDEPENDENTLY in a number of places, possibly in all of the places marked in red on the map. Nile valley

Prior to farming, population size in any one area was limited by the availability of wild game, grain, berries, seeds, and nuts. Farming and the large, relatively dependable crops it provides allowed for… POPULATION INTENSIFICATION That means population increases in certain areas. Population in those areas became both larger and denser.

At the same time, farmers in some places were, in spite of population growth, able to produce SURPLUS food. What does SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION mean for a society?

SURPLUS FOOD PRODUCTION … …means that not everyone has to grow food or tend animals. They can take on other tasks. They can specialize in some non-farming task.

This is called… Job Specialization. Men and women may become: Weavers Stone Masons Potters Priests Scribes Traders Army officers

So, lets have a quick review of that last sequence of events.

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus FoodSpecialization Population Intensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION

You probably want to take a note of it. Hint, hint! Civilizations have a number of elements in common.

Civilization Remember it. Write it down. Did you catch that term? Can you define it? Answer: A civilization is a complex society.

Elements of civilization include: Mohenjo Daro Hammurabis Law Code Its the law Pharaohs 1) Cities 2) Central governments And Law codes

1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Elements of Civilization include: Can you identify the society represented by each of these two writing samples? 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religions

3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion 5) Specialized Jobs Full-time monk Assyrian slaves In Egypt 6) Social Classes 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Elements of Civilization include:

7) Complex Technologies Chariot 5) Specialized jobs 6) Social classes Bronze Sword 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Elements of Civilization include:

So, have you been paying attention or doing a bit of day dreaming? Lets check! Can you list some of the elements of a civilization? Clue: There were 7!

Good job, huh? Check your answers below: Good job if your list includes: 1.Cities 2.Central governments and law codes 3.Writing and record-keeping 4.Specialized jobs 5.Social classes 6.Complex technologies 7.Highly organized religions

The first states emerged within core civilizations. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Early states were often led by a ruler whose source of power was believed to be divine or had divine support and/or who was supported by the military. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated including the Hittites, who had access to iron had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations. These states were able to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. Early regions of state expansion or empire building were Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and the Nile Valley. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations.

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period By 3,000 BCE, societies in Southwest Asia and Egypt were developing elements of complex societies. Are we supposed to be taking notes on this?

By the end of the Ancient Period, there were several well-established civilizations in Afroeurasia. There were also two new ones in the Americas. At least two civilizations in Afroeurasia, the Minoan in the Mediterranean region and the Harappan in the Indus River valley had already come and gone. Olmec Chavin Minoan Egyptian Mesopotamia Indus Valley China

Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. Students should be able to identify the location of all of the following required examples of core and foundational civilizations: Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavín in Andean South America

Olmec Chavin Minoan Egyptian Mesopotamia Indus Valley China Wooden models show Egyptian families working together. Hammurabis Code made laws that applied to everyone in society

Olmec Chavin Minoan Egyptian Mesopotamia Indus Valley China Mohenjo Daro

Olmec Chavin Minoan Egyptian Mesopotamia Indus Valley China Shang Dynasty bell for use in rituals. As societies became more complex, rituals became important for conformity. The Minoans were great traders, had indoor plumbing, and many female deities.

Olmec Chavin Minoan Egyptian Mesopotamia Indus Valley China Chavin Olmec

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Now, looking back over the Ancient Period, lets review the major changes.

500 years agoToday AP Course 10,000 years ago Ancient Period End of Paleolithic Period Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus FoodSpecialization Population Intensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION

That translates into: Farmers Herders Cities Central governments Armies Monumental buildings Written language Social hierarchies Complex belief systems In 10,000 BCE none of these existed in the world. By 500 BCE they all did.

. Not only has life changed culturally and technologically, but also the rate of change has accelerated. 10,000 years ago Art 200,000 yrs ago Language Prehistory Today 1,000 years ago Dogs, sheep. goats, horses, wheat, rice, chilies, potatoesall domesticated Plow farming Law Codes Chariots Temple building Sailing technology Copper smelting Alphabet Wheel Writing Irrigation Regular trade routes Calendars Pottery Bow & arrow Pyramids Walled cities Letters and envelopes 360-degree circle

Culture Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. Elites, both political and religious, promoted arts and artisanship. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and subsequently were diffused. States developed legal codes, including the Code of Hammurabi, that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. New religious beliefs developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods.

New Religious Beliefs Vedic religion Hebrew monotheism Zoroastrianism polytheists deities resembled humans and had human emotions god and goddess had the power to assist supplicants in a particular aspect of their lives Aryan pantheon was dominated by males, particularly gods relating to war, fire, and rain major function of priests was to perform sacrifices no reincarnation (rebirth) or transmigration of the soul evildoers went to the House of Clay after death, and the virtuous were rewarded in the World of the Fathers one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions founded by the Prophet Zoroaster 3500 years ago It was the official religion of Persia from 600 BCE to 650 CE. believe there is one God called Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord) believe that the elements are pure and that fire represents God's light or wisdom.

Trade Trade expanded throughout this period from local to regional and transregional, with civilizations exchanging goods, cultural ideas, and technology. Required examples of trade expansion from local to regional and transregional : Between Egypt and Nubia Between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Social and gender hierarchies intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Literature was also a reflection of culture.

Trade in the Ancient World early farmers traded their SURPLUS crops for goods complex societies needed different raw materials trade started locally, but as civilizations grew, societies needed to trade over greater distances to get important goods (like iron, dyes, etc.) What is this illustration showing us? How about now?

Example: Mesopotamian beer Beer brewed in 5,000 BCE Towns (city-states) brewed beer Hammurabis Code controls beer Epic of Gilgamesh includes a drunk character By Babylonian times there were at least 20 varieties Beer traded as far away as Egypt Cuneiform writing on clay Tablet from Ebla (Sumeria), showing different varieties of beer brewed in the town. Trade in the Ancient World

The End