Indian and the Indian Ocean Basin

What changed and what stayed the same from Unit II to Unit III? Can you identify where each term would best fit from Unit II? PERSIACHINAINDIAMEDITERRANEAN POLITICAL RELIGION SOCIETY INVENTION 1.Qin 2.Zoroastrianism 3.Democracy 4.Mauryan 5.Buddhism 6.Achaemenid 7.Vedic 8.Aquaduct 9.Silk 10.Republic 11.Caste System 12.Christianity 13.Gupta 14.Parthian 15.Qanat 16.Confucianism 17.Paper 18.Seleucid 19.Doaism 20.Han 21.Arabic Numerals 22.Christianity 23.Bureaucratic Class 24.Civil Servants 25.Equal Citizens

What changed and what stayed the same from Unit I to Unit II? Can you identify the Classical Civilizations on the map from Unit I? Mediterranean Basin Greece Rome Persia Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Sasanid India Mauryan Gupta China Qin Han

What changed and what stayed the same from Unit I to Unit II? Can you identify the Classical Civilizations on the map from Unit I? Mediterranean Basin Greece Rome Persia Achaemenid Seleucid Parthian Sasanid India Mauryan Gupta China Qin Han Eastern Europe Byzantium Western Europe Barbarian Kingdoms Persia Umayyad Dynasty Abbasid Dynasty China Sui Tang Song India was different No centralized state (except for brief Harsha rule) Increased agricultural production led to population increase and urbanization Small states co-operated and competed Traded within Indian Ocean Basin Influenced Southeast Asia

India after the Fall of The Gupta Dynasty Invasion of White Huns from Central Asia beginning 451 CE Gupta State collapsed mid-6 th c. Chaos in northern India Local power struggles Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society

King Harsha (r CE) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant Buddhist by faith Generous support for poor Patron of the arts Wrote three plays Assassinated, no successor able to retain control

Introduction of Islam to Northern India Arabs conquer Sind (north-west India), 711 Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258

Merchants and Islam Arabic trade with India predates Islam Dominated trade between India and the west to 15 th century Established local communities in India E.g. Cambay

Mahmud of Ghazni Raids into India, Plunders, destroys Hindu and Buddhist temples Often builds mosques atop ruins

The Sultanate of Delhi Consolidation of Mahmuds raiding territory Capital: Delhi Ruled northern India Weak administrative structure Reliance on cooperation of Hindu kings 19 out of 35 Sultans assassinated

Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India Chola Kingdom, Maritime power Not highly centralized Kingdom of Vijayanagar Northern Deccan Originally supported by Sultanate of Delhi Leaders renounce Islam in 1336 Yet maintain relations with Sultantate

Agriculture in the Monsoon World Spring/summer: rains, wind from south-west Fall/winter: dry season, wind from north-east Seasonal irrigation crucial to avoid drought, famine Especially southern India Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels

Indian Ocean basin Trading Zone, C.E.

Population Growth in India

Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from political instability in north

Temples and Indian Society More than religious centers Center of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work Some Temples had large landholdings Education providers Banking services

Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin The Kingdom of Axum Example of trade-driven development Founded 1 st c. CE Adopted Christianity Displaces Kush as Egyptian link to the south Axum destroys Kushan capital Meroë c. 360 CE Major territorial expansion to late 6 th c. Trade increases in post-classical period Larger ships Dhows, junks Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of Emporia Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade Specialized products developed (cotton, high- carbon steel)

Challenges to Caste and Society Migrations Growth of Islam Urbanization Economic development Development of Jati (subcastes) Similar to workers guilds Caste system expands from north to south Promoted by Temples, educational system

Decline of Buddhism Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroy holy sites, temples 1196 Muslim forces destroy library of Nalanda Thousands of monks exiled

Development of Hinduism Growth of devotional cults Esp. Vishnu, Shiva Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north Major Belief of Hinduism A Universal spirit called Brahman created the universe and everything in it. Everything in this world is part of Brahman. Every person has a soul or atman that will eventually join with Brahman. Peoples souls are reincarnated many times before they can join with Brahman. A persons karma affects how he or she will be reincarnated.

Devotional Philosophers Shankara, Brahmin philosopher of 9 th c. CE Devotee of Shiva Synthesized Hindu writings in Platonic form Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, Brahmin philosopher 11 th -early 12 th c. Challenges Shankaras emphasis on intellect Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism

Conversion to Islam 25 million converts by 1500 (1/4 of total population) Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus Rarely achieved: whole castes or jatis convert, social status remains consistent

Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs

The Bhakti Movement Attempt to bring Hinduism and Islam closer together 12 th c. southern Hindu movement, spread to north Guru Kabir ( ) Taught that Shiva, Vishnu, Allah all manifestations of one Deity Largely unsuccessful

International Commerce, Snorkeling Camels, and The Indian Ocean Trade Crash Course World History #18

Indian Influence in Southeast Asia Influence dates from 500 BCE Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions Kingship Religions (Hinduism, Buddhism) Literature Caste system not as influential

Early States of Southeast Asia Funan Lower Mekong River, 1 st -6 th c. CE Kingdom of Srivijaya Centered in Sumatra, CE Kingdom of Angkor Cambodia, CE Magnificent religious city complexes

Later states of Southeast Asia: Angkor, Singosari, and Majapahit, C.E.

Islam in Southeast Asia Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions

State of Melaka Founded late 14 th c. CE by rebellious prince of Sumatra Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-15 th c. converts to Islam