The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( the UK ) England England England Scotland Scotland Scotland Wales Wales Wales Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Northern Ireland

G r e a t B r i t a i n composed by islands composed by islands area - 244, 820 sq. km area - 244, 820 sq. km population – 57 mln. People population – 57 mln. People Official language – English ( Scottish, Welsh, Irish – other languages ) Official language – English ( Scottish, Welsh, Irish – other languages ) Political system – constitutional monachy Political system – constitutional monachy Capital – London Capital – LondonLondon The largest cities – London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Sheffield, Edinburgh, Bristol, Leeds The largest cities – London, Birmingham, Glasgow, Liverpool, Sheffield, Edinburgh, Bristol, Leeds The largest ports – London, Liverpool, Belfast, Southampton, Glasgow, Cardiff The largest ports – London, Liverpool, Belfast, Southampton, Glasgow, Cardiff The chief rivers – the Severn, the Thames the Spey, the Tweed, the Clyde The chief rivers – the Severn, the Thames the Spey, the Tweed, the Clyde The highest peeks – Ben Nevis ( 1343 m), Snowdon ( 1000 m ) The highest peeks – Ben Nevis ( 1343 m), Snowdon ( 1000 m )

The Union Jack This is the popular name given to the flag of the UK. Usually it is called the Union Flag and consists of several flags. It all began in 1603 when Scotland was joined to England and Wales. Later in 1801 the Irish Flag was added. In this way the British people got the Union Flag, which is red, white and blue. King James ( ) ordered the British Flag to be flown on the main mast of all British ships, it was flown on the bowsprit or the Jack Star ( jack is the old word for sailor).

British Royal Coat of Arms There are two animals on it. One of them is the lion. The king of beast has been used as a symbol of national strength and of the British monarchy for many centuries. The other one is the unicorn. The unicorn is a mythical animal that looks like a horse with a long straight horn growing from its forehead, and is a symbol of purity.

The English Channel

Queens and Kings of the UK Queens and Kings of the UK The House of Normandy The House of Normandy William I1066 – 1087 William II Henry I1100 – 1135 Stephen William I1066 – 1087 William II Henry I1100 – 1135 Stephen The House of Plantagenet The House of Plantagenet Henry II1154 – 1189 Richard I1189 – 1199 John1199 – 1216 Henry III1216 – 1272 Edward I1272 – 1307 Edward II1307 – 1327 Edward III1327 – 1377 Richard I1377 – 1399 Henry II1154 – 1189 Richard I1189 – 1199 John1199 – 1216 Henry III1216 – 1272 Edward I1272 – 1307 Edward II1307 – 1327 Edward III1327 – 1377 Richard I1377 – 1399 The House of Lancaster The House of Lancaster (Sub-division of Plantagenet) (Sub-division of Plantagenet) Henry IV1399 – 1413 Henry V1413 – 1422 Henry VI1422 – 1461 Henry IV1399 – 1413 Henry V1413 – 1422 Henry VI1422 – 1461 The House of York The House of York (Sub-division of Plantagenet) (Sub-division of Plantagenet) Edward IV Edward V Edward IV Edward V The House of Tudor The House of Tudor Henry VII1485 – 1509 Henry VIII1509 – 1547 Edward VI1547 – 1553 Mary I1553 – 1558 Elizabeth I1558 – 1603 Henry VII1485 – 1509 Henry VIII1509 – 1547 Edward VI1547 – 1553 Mary I1553 – 1558 Elizabeth I1558 – 1603 The House of Stuart The House of Stuart James I1603 – 1625 Charles I1625 – 1649 The Commonwealth1649 – 1659 Charles II1660 – 1685 James II1685 – 1688 Mary II William III1689 – 1702 Anna James I1603 – 1625 Charles I1625 – 1649 The Commonwealth1649 – 1659 Charles II1660 – 1685 James II1685 – 1688 Mary II William III1689 – 1702 Anna The House of Hanover The House of Hanover George I1714 – 1727 George II1727 – 1760 George III1760 – 1820 George IV1820 – 1830 William IV1830 – 1837 Victoria1837 – 1901 George I1714 – 1727 George II1727 – 1760 George III1760 – 1820 George IV1820 – 1830 William IV1830 – 1837 Victoria1837 – 1901 The House of Saxe – Coburg The House of Saxe – Coburg Edward VII1901 – 1910 Edward VII1901 – 1910 The House of Windsor The House of Windsor George V1901 – 1936 Edward VIII1936 George VI1936 – 1952 Elizabeth II George V1901 – 1936 Edward VIII1936 George VI1936 – 1952 Elizabeth II1952 -

British Parliament Parliament consists of the Houses of Lords ( 1200 Lords; Lord Chancellor presides) and the House Of Commons ( 650 MP; Speaker presides). There Are 2 main parties: Conservative ( Tory) and Liberal ( Whigs). The party which wins the most Seats forms the Government and its leader becomes a Prime Minister. The functions of Commons are Legislation and security of government activities. The government party sits on the Speakers right And the members of Opposition –on the left. Now The government party is Liberal, the Prime Minister Is Anthony Blar.

England It is the largest and the most industrial and densely populated part (46 mln. people). Its capital is London (7 mln people), other big cities are Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Liverpool and others. London London The longest river is the Severn (388 km) The most important is the Thames(354 km). The main industries are iron and steel, motor cars and railway engines, wool and cotton, heavy machinery and shipbuilding.

Scotland It takes one third of the territory of the British Isles, its population is only 5mln. people. Its capital is Edinburgh. But the biggest city is Glasgow. Edinburgh The highest point is in Scotland, it is Ben Nevis (1343 m). There are also many lakes, the best-known is Loch Ness where a large monster lives. Until 1707 Scotland was an independent state and was forcefully joined into the UK. The important industries are oil, iron, steel

Wales The capital is Cardiff. The population is 3 mln. people and 75% of them live in towns. The second biggest city is Swansea. The Welsh call their country Cymry. Cardiff Cardiff Wales is a highland country, the highest mountain of the UK is Snowdon. It has coal, gold, silver, lead and copper. The most important industries are metal, steel, electronics, electric engineering and chemicals.

Northern Ireland Its capital is Belfast. It is the smallest part of the UK and occupies one-sixth part of the island of Ireland. The population is 1,5 mln. people, 53% live in urban areas. Belfast For 7 centuries Ireland was a colony of Great Britain, in 1921 it became a British dominion, in 1949 only a small part was a part of the UK. But it has been struggling for their independence. The main industries are linen and textiles, clothing, shipbuilding and engineering.

London The capital of England and the UK was built by Romans and was called Londinium. Now it consists of a number of cities, towns and villages and is called Great London. It stands on the Thames River. Its population is 7 mln. People. Thames RiverThames River It consists of 3 parts: the City – a financial centre ( 2,6 sq. km), the West End – the historical and cultural centre and the East End – the district of workers. There are a lot of places of interest, parks, palaces, churches, theatres and so on. places of interestplaces of interest

The Thames The Thames is not a long river, it is 330 km long and it runs into the sea. The English people call it the Father of London. There are about 30 bridges across the Thames ( the London Bridge, the London Bridgethe London Bridge the Tower Bridge and some others). There is a museum of old ships on the river. These ships are from the history of Great Britain. he Tower Bridge he Tower Bridge One of them is the Discovery, went to the South Pole in

Edinburgh The capital of Scotland lies on seven hills and goes down those hills to the sea. It became a capital in the 15 th century but in 1707 after the union with England it lost its political importance. Many great men have lived and worked there: R. Burns, W. Scott, R.L. Stevenson. The main street – the Prince St. divides the city into the old and new town. There are many places of interest: the Castle, the Holyrood Palace, the Scott monument, the Chapel of the Most Noble Order of the Thistle and others.

Cardiff The capital of Wales was founded in 1147 as a Roman fort. Financially, industrially and commercially it is the most important city of Wales, but there are not many places of interest. Among them is the Castle Coch, the National Museum, the Law Courts, the City Hall, Cathays Park and some others. There are also several theatres: the New Theatre is the home of the Welsh National Opera, etc. University College has been a college of the federal University of Wales since 1893.

Belfast Belfast, the capital of Northern Ireland is the leading industrial centre and a large port. Its chief industries are the production of linen and other textiles, clothing, shipbuilding, engineering.

Stonehenge Near Sailsbury about years ago the Stone inhabitants of Britain built the Stone inhabitants of Britain built Anenormous stone structure. The largest of their stones weigh 50 tons, the smallest - 5 tons. People used no metal and their tools were made of stone, bone and wood. They started to build it in about B.C. and finished 600 years later. Thousands of men and women took part in building it.

Sightseeing of London The Tower The Tower The Tower The Tower Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus Piccadilly Circus St. Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral St. Pauls Cathedral Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey Westminster Palace Westminster Palace Westminster Palace Westminster Palace ( the Houses of Parliament) ( the Houses of Parliament) Buckingham Palace Buckingham PalaceBuckingham PalaceBuckingham Palace Nelsons Column Nelsons ColumnNelsons ColumnNelsons Column

The Tower of London The Tower on the north bank of the Thames is the most ancient building of London. It was founded in the 11 th century by William the Conqueror. But each monarch left some mark on it. For many centuries it has been a fortress, a prison and a royal treasury. Now it is a museum of arms and armour, it has the Crown Jewels. The White Tower was built by William the Conqueror, it is the oldest tower. The ravens live here as part of its history. There is a legend that if the ravens fly away the Tower and the UK will fall. That is why the birds are carefully guarded. Every night at 10 p.m. the Ceremony of the Keys or locking up the Tower for the night takes place.

The Tower Bridge It was built at the end of the 19 th century to match the medieval style of the fortress. The bridge is functioning perfectly well for such a great city as modern London. It can quickly swung open to let in big ocean ships that can move up the Thames from the ocean. The territory between the Tower and London bridges is called the Pool for this reason. So that people could walk along the bridge at the time its lower part is open, a pass is made in its upper part. Almost nobody uses this part of the bridge nowadays though.

London Bridge It is years old. The 1 st bridge Was built of wood, then of stone. There were houses and shops on it and people paid money crossing it. In 1831 a new bridge rose on that place. In 1960 Londoners built new bridge again. A very rich American bought the old London Bridge and brought it to Arizona. There is no river under it now but a street. In 1973 the new London Bridge was open over the Thames. the Thamesthe Thames

The Houses of Parliament They were built in , but The Westminster Hall was built in and was a part of old Palace. The Palace has 2 miles of corridors and more than rooms. When Parliament is sitting a flag flies from the Victoria Tower ( the tallest tower of the complex) and the light shines by night. Visitors can watch the House of Commons and the House of Lords at work from the Strangers Gallery This building contains the universal Symbol of London and the UK, Big Ben. Big BenBig Ben

Big Ben It is a name of the 13,5-ton bell. It is on the Clock Tower of the Houses of Parlia- ment. The great bell got its name in the 19 th century after Sir Benjamin Hall, the first Commissioner of Works. He was very tall and the workers called him Big Ben, so they called the clock and the Tower Big Ben. People can hear the sound of the bell every hour. On New Years night people come to the Clock Tower to see the New Year in.

Westminster Abbey It is a fine Gothic building, it is the work of many hands and different ages. The oldest part dates the 8 th century, it was a monastery-the West Minster. In the 11 th century Edward the Confessor founded a Norman Abbey. It is the highest church in London ( 103 feet). The towers were built in The Abbey is famous for its collection of swords and stained glass. It is the crowning place of the kings and queens of the UK, there is the Stone of Destiny. Many kings and queens are buried here with famous scientists, writers and poets, there is Famous Poets Corner where are many memo- rials for outstanding people.

St. Pauls Cathedral It is the work of the famous Sir Ch. Wren. The work began in 1675, it lasted for 35 years. It has the huge dome with a gold ball and cross on the top. Inside it is full of Monuments. You can climb 263 steps of Monuments. You can climb 263 steps To The Whispering Gallery, to reach foot Of the ball you must climb 637 steps. In the Cathedral there are graves of Sir Christopher Wren, admiral Nelson, the Duke of Wellington, painter Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the London home of the sovereign. Set he top of The Mall, and surrounded by Green Park and St. James Park, it is the centre of royal London. The original house was built in 1677 and was bought by George III in It was later enlarged by George IV. Queen Victoria was the first sovereign to live in Buckingham Palace. Since 1993, the State Rooms of Buckingham Palace have been open to the public in the summer. Buckingham Palace is the London home of the sovereign. Set he top of The Mall, and surrounded by Green Park and St. James Park, it is the centre of royal London. The original house was built in 1677 and was bought by George III in It was later enlarged by George IV. Queen Victoria was the first sovereign to live in Buckingham Palace. Since 1993, the State Rooms of Buckingham Palace have been open to the public in the summer. Buckingham Palace has been the London residence of British monarchs since When the monarch is in residence ( living in the Palace) the Royal standart is flown from the flagstaff, high above the famous balcony on which members of the royal family appear on special occasions. During the periods of residence, the ceremony of changing the guards takes place in the Palace courtyard. Although the front of the Palace is near the road, at the back the large gardens, with a lake and many fine trees, from a lovely setting for the garden parties and open-air receptions given by the Queen during the summer months.

Trafalgar Square Trafalgar Square is in the centre of the West End of London. On the north side is the National Gallery; in the north-east corner is the National Portrait Gallery, and in the centre is Nelsons Column with the figure of the great seaman. It was erected in 1840s to celebrate his victory at The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805.

Piccadilly Circus It is conceded to be the real centre of London. It is called the circus because of its round form. It is also the heart of Londons world. Within a few hundred yards of it there are most of Londons theatres cinemas and restaurants. At night it is a colourful sight. Also it is the favorite place for walking. There is a large underground station where several different lines meet.

Whitehall Whitehall is the street in London where many of the British government Offices stand. It runs from Trafalgar Square to Parliament Square. The British government itself is often called Whitehall because there are many Government offices in this street. Here we can see the Home Office, the Treasury, the War Office, the Admiralty and other government departments, Each housed in its own building. This street is called so because at one time a big white palace, or hall, stood In this street, where kings and their families lived. Only the old Banqueting House remains today. It is one of Londons beautiful buildings. It stands Opposite the Horse Guards. Opposite the Home Office and in the middle of the street is the Cenotaph, A monument to fallen in two world wars. It was built in 1920 after World War I. every day people put flowers at the foot of the Cenotaph.

Art Galleries There are very many Art Galleries in London. The National Gallery ( 1838) exhibits works of all the European schools of painting of 13 th 19 th centuries. The Tate Gallery ( 1897) houses the more modern British painters. It exhibits a number of interesting collection of British and foreign modern painting and also modern sculpture. The British Museum is the best-known national museum of antiquities of Egypt and Greece and ethnography. Its library has more than 6 mln.books that occupy more than 80 miles of shelves. The Old Curiosity Shop is also a museum and still not quite a museum. It was described in Ch. Dickens's novel and many tourists come to see it as part of Dickenss London. But it still a shop selling antiquities. a shop selling antiquities. Madam Tussauds Museum is an exhibition of hundreds of life-size wax modals of famous people of yesterday and today. The collection was started by Madam Tussaud, a French modelers in wax, in the 18 th century. Here you can meet Marilyn Monroe, Elton John, Picasso, the Royal Family, the Beatles and many others: writers, movie stars, singers, politicians, sportsmen, etc

Parks of London Parks are the main attraction of London. They occupy the most part of the city. There are many lawns in the parks where people lawns in the parks where people lie or sit about. Hyde Park with Speakers Corner St. James's Park with the Zoo Regents Park

Royal London Many places in London are closely connected with the Crown. There are royal palaces, royal parks, road and streets where beautiful ceremonies are held. Many places in London are closely connected with the Crown. There are royal palaces, royal parks, road and streets where beautiful ceremonies are held.

The Tower of London The Tower on the north bank of the Thames is the most ancient building of London. It was founded in the 11 th century by William the Conqueror. But each monarch left some mark on it. For many centuries it has been a fortress, a prison and a royal treasury. Now it is a museum of arms and armour, it has the Crown Jewels. The White Tower was built by William the Conqueror, it is the oldest tower.

Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace has been the London residence of British monarchs since When the monarch is in residence ( living in the Palace) the Royal standart is flown from the flagstaff, high above the famous balcony on which members of the royal family appear on special occasions. During the periods of residence, the ceremony of changing the guards takes place in the Palace courtyard. Although the front of the Palace is near the road, at the back the large gardens, with a lake and many fine trees, from a lovely setting for the garden parties and open-air receptions given by the Queen during the summer months.

Windsor Castle Windsor Castle is the largest castle in Britain. Set on its own Great Park, it was once used as a hunting ground for kings. The castle is dominated by a powerful Round Table and the splendid St. George Chapel, the burial place for many kings and queens. Windsor Castle is the largest castle in Britain. Set on its own Great Park, it was once used as a hunting ground for kings. The castle is dominated by a powerful Round Table and the splendid St. George Chapel, the burial place for many kings and queens. The castle was first a simple structure used as a hunting lodge. Then it became a well-appointed royal residence. Since then, it has been a favorite home for royal family, made all the more so by a disastrous fire in Restoration, funded partly by opening Buckingham Palace to the public, was carried out to the highest standard and the castle is once again a favorite place with royalty and tourists alike. The castle was first a simple structure used as a hunting lodge. Then it became a well-appointed royal residence. Since then, it has been a favorite home for royal family, made all the more so by a disastrous fire in Restoration, funded partly by opening Buckingham Palace to the public, was carried out to the highest standard and the castle is once again a favorite place with royalty and tourists alike.

St Jameses Palace

Westminster Abbey It is a fine Gothic building, it is the work of many hands and different ages. The oldest part dates the 8 th century, it was a Monastery - the West Minster.. It is the crowning place of the kings and queens of the UK, there is the Stone of Destiny. Many kings and queens are buried here.

Parks All together there are 10 royal parks in and around London which are owned by the Crown. They are open to the public and free of charge. Each park has its own character. Hide Park used to be a hunting forest. Rergents Park was also a hunting place and is now the home of London Zoo, and an open-air theatre which gives performances ofShakespeares plays in summer

БИРМИНГЕМ (Birmingham)

ЛИДС (Leeds)

ШЕФФИЛД (Sheffield)

ЛИВЕРПУЛЬ (Liverpool)

МАНЧЕСТЕР (Manchester)

ДУВР (Dover)

ОКСФОРД (Oxford)

КЕМБРИДЖ (Cambridge)

КОВЕНТРИ (Coventry)

БРАЙТОН (Brighton)

Йорк(York) Йорк(York)

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