French Revolution. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief,

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French Revolution

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity… Charles Dickens – A Tale of Two Cities

1789 food shortages financial problems (chiefly from Louis XVI giving money to the USA to fight for their independence)

King Louis XVI absolute ruler of France believed in divine right the rest of French society was divided into three classes (called Estates) First Estate the clergy (church) Second Estate Nobles Third Estate the rest

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: The French Revolution ( ) A. Background to the Revolution i. France broke after fighting wars with England ii. Enlightenment ideas spread through France B. The National Assembly i. King Louis XVI calls Estate-General to meet to reform France (first time in 175 years) a. first estate – the clergy (2% of people) b. second estate – the nobles (1.5% of people) c. third estate – rest (96.5%) of population

Meeting of the Estates General to solve the financial crisis and to stabilize his rule, King Louis XVI assembled the Estates General, which had not met since 1614, comprised of representatives from the three Estates

Representation in the Estates- General 2% of population 1.5% of population 96% of population

The Tennis Court Oath In June 1789 the Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and moved from the Palace of Versailles to an indoor tennis court in town. There members swore the famous Tennis Court Oath, pledging never to disband until they had written a new constitution for France.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: B. The National Assembly i. King Louis XVI calls Estate-General to meet to reform France (first time in 175 years) a. first estate – the clergy b. second estate – the nobles c. third estate – rest of the population ii. third estate leaves - forms national assembly and makes Tennis Court Oath, promising to make a new constitution for France

Storming of the Bastille Hundreds of hungry people in Paris stormed the Bastille, a medieval fort and prison, to search for gunpowder on July 14, 1789, signaling the start of the French Revolution. As the news spread across France, peasants began to rise in spontaneous revolt against their lords.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: B. The National Assembly i. King Louis XVI calls Estate-General to meet to reform France (first time in 175 years) a. first estate – the clergy b. second estate – the nobles c. third estate – rest of the population ii. third estate leaves - forms national assembly and makes Tennis Court Oath, promising to make a new constitution for France C. Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 i. people in Paris take over the Bastille (castle)

March on Versailles After months of bread shortages, on October 5, 1789, seven thousand women marched 12 miles from Paris to Versailles to demand bread. The king promised to give them bread immediately and to accompany them back to Paris with his family. The king and his family never returned to Versailles.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: B. The National Assembly i. King Louis XVI calls Estate-General to meet to reform France (first time in 175 years) a. first estate – the clergy b. second estate – the nobles c. third estate – rest of the population ii. third estate leaves - forms national assembly and makes Tennis Court Oath, promising to make a new constitution for France C. Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 i. people in Paris take over the Bastille (castle) ii. women march to Versailles and arrest king and queen

When the Bastille fell, the rule of the Third Estate began. The other two estates would have to dance to the tune of the Third Estate. The National Assembly (controlled by Third Estate) reorganized the church. It set up a constitutional monarchy and ended the absolute monarchy. It also ended feudal privileges. The National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man. The Declaration called for the equality of all men. It even ended slavery in France.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: B. The National Assembly i. King Louis XVI calls Estate-General to meet to reform France (first time in 175 years) a. first estate – the clergy b. second estate – the nobles c. third estate – rest of the population ii. third estate leaves - forms national assembly and makes Tennis Court Oath, promising to make a new constitution for France C. Storming of the Bastille, July 14, 1789 i. people in Paris take over the Bastille (castle) ii. women march to Versailles and arrest king and queen D. The Assembly Reforms France i. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen made on August 4, 1789 – this officially ended feudal privileges in France ii. National Assembly takes over Church lands iii. Louis XVI and family caught trying to escape iv. Assembly makes constitutional monarchy v. radicals in France push for an end to monarchy

Other European monarchs respond to the Revolution.

Prussia invades France to restore Louis to the throne. Frenchmen volunteer to defend their revolution. Radicals (Jacobins) take control of France.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: E. War and Execution i. Prussia invades France to restore King Louis ii. Assembly dissolved and National Convention (new government) created

The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris. Started as a debating society. Membership mostly middle class. Created a vast network of clubs.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: E. War and Execution i. Prussia invades France to restore King Louis ii. Assembly dissolved and National Convention (new government) created iii. Jacobins (radicals) take over Convention, end monarchy, kill royal family, and make republic

Maximilien Robespierre The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of revolution in time of revolution is both virtue and terror; virtue without terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows then from virtue.

The Reign of Terror

Reign of Terror Fearing enemies inside and outside of France, Maximilien Robespierre established special revolutionary courts, responsible only to him, which tried citizens for treason against the revolution. During two years of the Reign of Terror; roughly 40,000 French men and women were executed, often by guillotine. Finally, in July 1794, Robespierre himself was taken to the guillotine by members of the National Convention.

Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%

The Monster Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: E. War and Execution i. Prussia invades France to restore King Louis ii. Assembly dissolved and National Convention (new government) created iii. Jacobins (radicals) take over Convention, end monarchy, kill royal family, and make republic iv. Reign of Terror starts as enemies of the revolution are guillotined (beheaded)

Napoleon in Toulon

Napoleon Charges

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: A. The Thermodorian Reaction 1. Begins w/ the execution of Robespierre a. b. 2. The White Terror a. b. 3. The Whiff of Grapeshot a. b. 4. The Directory a. b. c. 5. Napoleons Early Campaigns a. Italy 1. b. Egypt 1. `2. c. Coup dtat 1.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rise of Napoleon Following the chaos of the Reign of Terror, Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France as dictator and emperor for 15 years ( ). He stopped revolutionary reforms such as free speech and press, but also maintained moderate revolutionary reforms, such as the abolishment of feudal privileges.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: B. Napoleon Bonaparte i. in 1799, Napoleon (a war hero) stages a coup-detat and takes over France as dictator ii. 3 Plebiscites a. 1st Consul for 10 yrs. (1799) b. 1st Consul for Life (1801) c. Emperor (1804) iii. Puts Frances House in Order a. Political 1. b. Economic 1. c. Social 1. d. Religious 1. e. Legal 1.

Emperor Napoleon

Napoleons Conquests

Retreat from Moscow In 1812, Napoleon miscalculated. He tried to invade Russia in the winter. The French army lost over 500,000 soldiers to the Russian winter, and this failure led to the defeat of Napoleon.

Waterloo

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: I. Napoleon expands the French Empire across Europe A Treaty of Amiens 1. Short lived B. Resumes Warfare for the next 14 yrs. 1. Napoleon conquers Italy again and Low Countries 2. Conquers Austria at Austerlitz (1805) 3. Napoleon defeated at sea (Trafalgar) 4. Conquers Prussia at Jena (1806) 5. Defeats Russia at Leipzig (1807) C. Treaty of Tilsit D. The Continental System E. The Peninsular War

Congress of Vienna

Congress of Vienna ( ) European leaders met to make a peace that would ensure future stability in Europe. It also tried to ensure that the example of the French Revolution would not be followed again.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: E. War and Execution i. Prussia invades France to restore King Louis ii. Assembly dissolved and National Convention (new government) created iii. Jacobins (radicals) take over Convention, end monarchy, kill royal family, and make republic iv. Reign of Terror starts as enemies of the revolution are guillotined (beheaded) F. Napoleon Bonaparte i. in 1799, Napoleon (a war hero) stages a coup-detat and takes over France as dictator ii. Napoleon expands the French Empire across Europe and crowns himself emperor in 1804 iii. in 1812 Napoleon unsuccessfully invades Russia iv. Napoleon defeated and replaced as king by Louis XVII G. Congress of Vienna ( )- Metternichu i. Restoration, Reaction and the Concert of Eur. ii. Principle of Legitimacy iii. Concert of Europe- designed to maintain balance of power and suppress nationalism