Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the 18th Century

Objective: Students are to analyze society and economy in Europe during the 18th century. 1.Analyze the major features of life in the Old Regime. 2.Explain the characteristics of the different aristocracies in Europe. 3.Analyze the relationship between the aristocracy and the peasants. 4.Describe the family structures and the family economy in the 18th century. 5.Analyze the causes and effects of both the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. 6. Analyze the causes and effects of urbanization.

Aristocracy- differed from country to country -Britain- primogeniture (peerage) eldest son (Baron) Gentry class- useful younger sons or relatives of nobles -France- Lots of nobles (splitting up of inheritance) -Nobles of Sword (landed) -Nobles of Robe (Govt- middle class background) -Eastern Europe- poorer nobles with more power over serfs Land & its Tillers -Peasants & Serfs Serfs freed in W. Europe but still serf in E. Europe -Rebellions- Pugachev Rebellion (Russia) -Game Laws- no poaching Tradition/Hierarchy & Privelege -Households- NW Europe marry later/2 generations together E. Europe marry earlier with more children/3 or 4 generations together All concerned with the economic well being of family -Family Economy- Basic unit of production and consumption (everyone worked. Families vulnerable with death of father -Women- maintaining parents household & establishing their own household by marrying. Raising children. -Children-mortality high, illegitimacy rate high/economically vulnerable is characterized by involvedwas also characterized by the saw the - Agricultural Revolution -Enclosure -Seed Drill -Iron Plow -Crop Rotation -Fertilizers -Selective Breeding - Industrial Revolution -Consumption- knockoffs -Why Britain? -Politically Stable -Available Capital (Banking) -Natural Resources -Transportation -Textile Industry (Flying Shuttle- Spinning Jenny-Water Frame-Steam Engine -Iron Production -Roles of Men/Women Structures Life & Social Classes in the Ancien Regime Agriculture & Industry Preindustrial Urbanization Growth of Cities - Growth of Capitals/Ports- London/Berlin/Paris -New Cities & Sm Towns Preindustrial European cities grew (ports and capitals) Agricultural Rev led to growth of towns close to farming communities -Urban Classes- Upper Class-Nobles, Large Merchants, Bankers, financiers, clergy & govt. officials/Middle Class- Prosperous merchants, trades people, bankers & professionals/Artisans- Shopkeepers, wage earners (grocers, butchers, trades people) -Urban Riots- food prices -Jewish Ghetto- W. Eur- freer /E. Eur- persecuted Agri & Ind. Revolution Family Structures/ Economy The Ancien Regime

Geography

The Spanish Colonial Empire was vulnerable to English smugglers because Spain was unable to provide enough manufactured goods.. This led to the War of Jenkins Ear. The English dominated the Slave Trade having received an asiento giving them exclusive trading rights to provide slaves to the Spanish Empire. Frederick the Great took Silicia by challenging the tenets of the Pragmatic Sanction starting the War of the Austrian Succession. Britain defeated France at the Battle of Plassey in the Seven Years War and making Britain the sole European power in India. Europeans would trade guns & whiskey for slaves to African kings Slaves would be taken to the West Indies in exchange for sugar and tobacco. Sugar & tobacco would be taken to Europe & sold to consumers. Sugar & tobacco was all the rage.. Britain defeated France in the French & Indian War taking Canada and the Mississippi Valley from France. British colonies break free of Eng in Am Rev. TRIANGULAR TRADE Britain & Prussia beat France & Austria in the 7 YRS War. India

Major Features of Life in the Old Regime Socially, pre-Revolutionary Europe was based upon 4 premises. – Legal privilege benefited the aristocracy. – Church benefited also from system. – Formation of labor guilds. – Peasants paid high taxes and feudal dues. The Social Classes or Estates of France

Maintenance of Tradition Most aspects of social life during the 1700s in Europe supported the ideas of traditional lifestyles. Nobles and peasants desired the return of the feudal manorial system and its stability. An agrarian lifestyle was preferred to that found in the growing cities. French peasants on a manor

Hierarchy & Privilege During the 18th century a strict sense of class distinction was supported The nature of social relationships helped to promote class distinction. Individual rights were subservient to the rights granted to ones social class. Sumptuary Laws required every class to dress in the attire of ones social class by law

The Aristocracy During the 1700s most aristocrats enjoyed a great level of wealth. They were also the dominant social, political, and economic force within a society. William Hogarths depiction of the slothful life of the nobility

Varieties of Aristocratic Privileges British Nobility – few nobility in comparison to rest of Europe. » Made up of 400 families » oldest male sat in the House of Lords » also controlled many seat in the House of Commons. » Invested in trade, commerce, and industry » Controlled the social and political make-up of the English shires. House of Lords

Varieties of Aristocratic Privileges French Nobility – Approximately 400,000 Nobles » of the sword : derived from military service » of the robe : acquired through government bureaucracy – Worked together to maintain the status quo – French nobles received greater status if they were the favorites of the court at Versailles. (hobereaux- provincial nobles) Noble of the Robe

French Nobility Benefits Exempt from land taxes Income tax rarely enforced Not liable to work on public projects (corvees) Could collect feudal dues Held hunting and fishing privileges Peasants crushed under the weight of taxes, feudal dues and public works (corvee)

Eastern European Nobility Military traditions of these nobles important. Poland – Szlachta exempt from all taxes – controlled the life and death of serfs – most were relatively poor – political power controlled by handful of wealthy nobles Russian serfs at the St. Basils Cathedral In Moscow

A-H & Prussian Nobles Austro-Hungarian Nobles Exempt from most taxes Prince Esterhazy of Hungary – probably the wealthiest noble in Europe – controlled over 10 million acres of land Prussia Prussian nobles called Junkers Dominated the military and Prussian bureaucracy Also controlled the local courts Prussian nobles were required to participate as officers in military

Russia Peter the Great linked state service with social status – Table of Ranks » idea of state service resisted by Russian nobles – Charter of Nobility » enacted by Catherine the Great » service became voluntary Russian nobles controlled the courts Were exempt from taxes Peter the Great surveying the land that would become St. Petersburg

Autocratic Resurgence When Catherine the Great issued the Charter of the Nobility, it helped to define the expanding power of the nobility throughout most of Europe. – Made their status more exclusive – used feudal rights to check the power of the monarchs – improved their financial status French aristocrats returned to the Kings bureaucracy after Louis XIV death, Russian Nobles expanded their power following the Pugachev Rebellion. Other kings followed!!!

The Land and Its Tillers Three-fourths of the people in the 18th century lived in the country. Besides the nobles and nonaristocratic landowners, most of the people were poor. –Lived in a variety of economic and social states. Realist painting depicting peasant life

Peasants and Serfs Peasants – free peasants – owned their own small plots of land – paid feudal dues – (banalites) – owed a corvee – (labor on public projects) Serfs – bound to the land (slavery) – not used for military service – considered property – if they could escape for 1 year they were free

Peasant Rebellions Pugachev Rebellion (Russia) – serfs had been promised land and freedom Other revolts occurred throughout eastern Europe Few revolts occurred in western Europe – England did see some rural riots over legal issues The dangerous uprising of the Cossack Yemelyan Pugachev in the Volga region had to be suppresed ( ) and in 1775 Zaporozhye was annexed by Russia. Pugachev claimed that he was Catherine's slain husband Peter and with this unlikely story he managed to gather a following and instill fear where he went.

Family Structure In preindustrial Europe the household was the basic unit of production and consumption. Since most people lived in rural areas and were self-sufficient, the family economy developed throughout much of Europe Women home spun cloth for extra income

Households of Western and Eastern Europe Western Europe – nuclear family » 5-6 members plus servants – high mortality and late marriage (mid 20s) deterred the extended family – neolocalism – Eastern Europe – early marriage – extended families of 10 to 20 people – patrilocal – many were serfs and large families were needed to maintain a proper labor supply Russian serfs doing forced labor.

The Agricultural and Industrial Revolution

Protoindustrialization Cottage Industries: first and foremost a family enterprise (also called putting-out system) - Occurred during Agricultural Revolution Putting-out system: city manufacturers took advantage of cheaper labor in the countryside –increased rural population eager to supplement agricultural income. –began to challenge urban craft industry

In 1720, the Enclosure Act allowed lords to put fences around common land and force poor farmers off the land. Landlords could use the land more efficiently.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Summary: 10.3 The Industrial Revolution 1. The Industrial Revolution A. the time when machines started doing the work that people and animals used to do 2. The Start of the Industrial Revolution A. started in Britain in 1700s in the textile industry B. Agricultural Revolution i. Enclosure Acts of 1720s a. England used to have commons (land everyone could use) b. Parliament started making laws that allowed fences to be built around common land that was given to the rich landlords c. enclosure – landlords kick peasants off land who migrated to towns

The Seed Drill New Crops were introduced

Crop Rotation …led to more food being grown

Selective Breeding

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 10.3 The Industrial Revolution 1. The Industrial Revolution A. the time when machines started doing the work that people and animals used to do 2. The Start of the Industrial Revolution A. started in Britain in 1700s in the textile industry B. Agricultural Revolution i. Enclosure Acts of 1720s ii. new inventions and crops produced more food iii. crop rotation made land more productive iv. selective breeding – farmers started killing off small animals and only breeding larger ones – this led to bigger animals and more meat v. better farming led to more food, which led to more people – this meant more workers for the factories, and more consumers to buy factory-made goods

Urbanization

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Summary: 10.3 The Industrial Revolution 1. The Industrial Revolution A. the time when machines started doing the work that people and animals used to do 2. The Start of the Industrial Revolution A. started in Britain in 1700s in the textile industry B. Agricultural Revolution C. Urbanization i. movement of people from the countryside to live and find work in town ii. lots of labor for factories iii. rapid growth of towns led to unsanitary and dangerous conditions

Britain starts the Industrial Revolution Natural Resources System of navigable rivers and canals. surrounded by harbors coal, iron, and other fuel food sources Population A population explosion gave England plenty of workers Large population also meant a large market Technology Inventors that changed working life Roads and railroads were invented in England and helped transportation Money England had a bank that loaned entrepreneurs money to start companies.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Summary: 1. The Industrial Revolution 2. The Start of the Industrial Revolution A. started in Britain in 1700s in the textile industry B. Agricultural Revolution C. Urbanization D. Britains Advantages i. water power and coal for energy ii. iron was used to make steel to make machines, tools, and buildings iii. rivers and canals for inland transportation iv. harbors to import and export goods v. political stability – resulted in businessmen who wanted to invest in businesses vi. advanced banking and good businessmen – loans made to start businesses vii. technological advances / new inventions

Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

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The Cottage Industry The former tenant farmers that were chased off the lands during the period of enclosure were forced to move into villages and towns. Many found work at home making textile products (making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth). Capitalists (businessmen) started businesses by taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of peasant spinners. After the wool and flax were spun carded, the capitalists would then take it to the weavers.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 2. New inventions that helped industrialization A. From Cottage Industry to Factories i. putting out system – entrepreneurs (businessmen) bought wool and then hired peasants to spin yarn/thread in their own homes (cottages) ii. entrepreneurs would then take the thread to a weaver who turned it into cloth iii. entrepreneurs then took the finished cloth to the market to sell

Entrepreneurs start making machines

Machines and Factories

Factory Work

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 2. New inventions that helped industrialization A. From Cottage Industry to Factories i. putting out system – entrepreneurs (businessmen) bought wool and then hired peasants to spin yarn/thread in their own homes (cottages) ii. entrepreneurs would then take the thread to a weaver who turned it into cloth iii. entrepreneurs then took the finished cloth to the market to sell iv. entrepreneurs started inventing machines to help make thread or cloth faster v. over time, entrepreneurs built factories where all the machines and parts of production could be completed at the same time vi. the first factories used water for power, but the steam engine allowed factories to be built anywhere

The start of the industrial revolution was helped by many brilliant people making key inventions…

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 2. New inventions that helped industrialization A. From Cottage Industry to Factories B. New Machines

John Kays Flying Shuttle doubled the speed of weaving. Vertical Loom is replaced

James Hargreaves designed the spinning jenny it did the work of sixteen spinners

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 2. New inventions that helped industrialization A. From Cottage Industry to Factories B. New Machines i. John Kay- Flying Shuttle- sped up weaving by 8 fold ii. James Hargreaves – spinning jenny allowed one worker to do the work of 16 spinners

Richard Arkwrights Water Frame-early factories used water- power

Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton attaches Richard Arkwrights water frame to spinning mule.

Edmund Cartwrights Power Loom

James Watts Steam Engine

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: 2. New inventions that helped industrialization A. From Cottage Industry to Factories B. New Machines i. John Kay- Flying Shuttle- sped up weaving by 8 fold ii. James Hargreaves – spinning jenny allowed one worker to do the work of 8 spinners iii. Edmund Cartwright- Power Loom- weaves at rate similar to the spinning mule iv. Samuel Crompton- spinning mule built upon the spinning jenny v. Richard Arkwright - waterframe (1st factories next to flowing rivers) vi. James Watt- Steam Engine (factories can be built anywhere)- used for mining first then textiles

The Steam Engine

Coal and Iron