The Late Middle Ages & Renaissance

Objectives: Students are to analyze the development of European culture and society beginning with the challenges of the Late Middle Ages (war/plague and Church conflicts) to the emergence of an Italian Renaissance that will spread to the rest of Europe. 1.Analyze how the Hundred Years War helped establish nation building in both Britain and France. 2.Explain how the Plague contributed to the weakening of the nobility which contributed to the rise of centralized monarchies. 3.Analyze how Renaissance Italy was vulnerable to invasion and intervention by European states. 4.How did Humanism express itself through patronage, art and literature? 5.Compare and contrast the Italian Renaissance with the Northern Renaissance. The Late Middle Ages & the Renaissance

- 100 Yrs War led to French Independence - Reconquista-Spain drives out Moors and establishes intolerant Catholicism - HRE fought off the Ottomans and tried to influence Italian politics - Plague reduces European population by 40% - Plague causes decline of nobility - Powerful monarchies formed -Catholic Churchs influence declines & challenged by kings -Church is spilt from the Great Schism Britain,France,Spain,& HRE all embroiled with war - Disunity weakens states - Venice establishes a stable Republic - Florence remains wealthy but political unstable(Medici leadership) -Milan under the Sforzas and Borgias establish ruthless dictatorships - The Pope rules the Papal States and tries to stradle the role of both spiritual and temporal leader of Europe - Charles VIII sacks Rome in 1519 and ends Italian atonomy. started with the continued with thewas also influenced by the continued with the start of - Patronage- Medici & Popes - Humanism -Dante -Petrarch -Marindola -Boccaccio - Art -Giotto- Fresco -Donatello- David -Brunelleschi- Il Duomo -Botticelli- Birth of Venus -Da Vinci- Last Supper/Mona Lisa -Michelangelo- David/Sistine/Dome of St. Peters -Raphael- School of Athens -Titian- Venus of Urbino - Italian states compete for political &economic dominance Warfare/Plagu e/Conflicts Florence Leads the Way Renaissance Spreads Northern Renaissance - Christian Humanism -Erasmus- In Praise of Folly -More- Utopia - Emphasized the early Church and wanted a reformed Christianity - Art -Van Eyck -Brueghel -Durer -Holbein -Literature -Shakespea re -Cervantes -Rabelais Culture/Hu manism & Art Politics/War &Interventio n The Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance

Danube River Rhine R. ALPS Black Sea Mediterranean Sea ATLANTIC OCEAN North Sea Baltic Sea ASIA BRITISH ISLES SPAIN CARPATHIAN P Y R E N E E S AFRICA Seine R. FRANCE Holy Roman Empire ENGLAND London..... Madrid Paris Rome ITALY... Venice FlorenceGenoa. Antwerp Nuremburg Trade goods from Asia traveled on the Silk Road FLANDERS Portugal

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Summary: The Late Middle Ages I.The 4 Horseman– i. Famine/War/Pestilence &Death ii. 14th cent

The Four Horsemen Important image-Middle Ages the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. Riders represented the primary fears of the people of the Middle Ages: famine, war, pestilence, and death. –– Their appearance signaled the end of the world. During the 1300s it seemed as if the four horsemen had come to Western Europe.

Famine After 1300, Western Europe suffered a dramatic population decline. Population level had begun to outstrip the food supply. The Little Ice Age produced famine in the early decades of the 14th century, which began to reduce the population.

War Hundred Years War –began in 1337 had three basic causes: »– Rivalry over the provinces of Aquitaine and Gascony. »– The English kings attempt to take the French throne when the male Capetian line died out. »– Rivalry over the commercially rich territory of Flanders. The English claimed the throne of France –France fought for independence from England over the 122 years

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Questions Notes: Summary: 1. The Late Middle Ages I.The 4 Horseman– represented the fears of people i. Famine/War/Pestilence & Death ii. 14th century was devastating to W. Europe II. Famine i. After 1300 population decline- climate change ii. Population outstrips food supply iii. Succession of crop failures III. War i. The Hundred Years War ii. Engs King claims iii. Eng iv. Battle of & Treaty a. Henry V v. Joan of Arc IV. Pestilence and Death i. The Black Death- ii. Estimated iii. Led to

English Conflicts with France Eng kings held fiefs from Fr kings. French rulers reclaimed most lands by early 13 th cent, Eng still held important lands in Aquitaine and Gascony. Fr and Eng clashed over control of the Flemish woolen industry- depends on Eng raw wool. Fr supported the efforts of the Scots to win independence from Eng- pissed Eng off. Braveheart- Scottish desire Independence from England

Beginnings of the War Estates General of France rejects Eng claim and selected as king, Philip of Valois, as heir to the Capetians royal line. Philip confiscated Eng held Aquitaine in 1337 on the grounds that Edward refused to honor his obligations as a vassal. Edward asserts his claim to Fr throne to go to war making good his claim.

First Phases of the War First phase of war lasted from was nearly fatal to Fr. Eng armies won great battles at Crecy in 1346 and Poitiers in –– French knights were completely routed by English longbow men. –– This helped put an end to knights on horseback as the dominant weapon of warfare.

Effects of the Battle of Poitiers At Poitiers, King John of France was captured and taken to England. Power in France now lay with the Estates General. –– In an attempt to increase their own power, the privileged classes forced the peasantry to pay higher taxes and to repair war-damaged property without being paid. –– A peasant revolt soon followed called the Jacquerie.

Treaty of Bretigny Eventually, John bought his release by accepting the Treaty of Bretigny (1360). John paid a huge ransom and gave Edward III full title to Guienne as well as a small territory in northern France, including the key port of Calais. In exchange, Edward, renounced his claim to the throne of France.

The Middle Years Treaty of Bretigny did not end the ancient rivalry. The next phase from 1364 to 1415 saw sporadic but indecisive fighting. Effective military action was impeded by serious internal problems in both of the rival kingdoms. France flourished under Charles V, who rebuilt French military power, but these gains were negated during the reign of Charles VI.

Civil Wars France –– Charles VI was only 15 when he came to the throne and was the victim of bouts with insanity. –– Rivals to the throne (Duke Philip of Burgundy and Duke Louis of Orleans) put France into a civil war. England –– After Edward IIIs death, the English war effort lessened partly because of domestic problems within England. –– During the reign of Richard II, England had peasant rebellions, when in 1381, lead by John Ball and Wat Tyler, peasants & artisans joined in a revolt. –– Parliament deposed Richard and elected Henry IV, whose sole right to rule was based on Parliaments approval. John Wycliff- many felt he inspired the rebelllion

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Middle Ages I.The 4 Horseman– represented the fears of people i. Famine/War/Pestilence & Death ii. 14th century was devastating to W. Europe II. Famine i. After 1300 population decline- climate change ii. Population outstrips food supply iii. Succession of crop failures III. War i. The Hundred Years War ii. Engs King claims French throne when Fr. Royal family dies out- dynastic rivalry begins war iii. Eng attempts to claim French territory iv. Battle of & Treaty of a. Henry V v. Joan of Arc IV. Pestilence and Death i. The Black Death- ii. Estimated iii. Led to Questions Notes:

The English Resurgence In 1415, Henry V reopens the 100 Yrs. War, when Eng invaded France and crushed a French army at Agincourt. With the help of the Burgundians, he controls most of Northern France In 1420, he forces the humiliating Treaty of Troyes on Charles VI and marries his daughter and they have a son and heir. Henry V and Charles VI died in 1422, leaving an infant as king of both nations.

Joan of Arc France will recover from what seemed like a disaster. In 1429, the dauphin Charles was visited by a young girl named Joan of Arc, who told him that she had seen a vision from God, revealing that Charles must free France and assume the throne that rightfully belonged to him. Joans message stirred hope into Charles. In 1429, the French along with Joan of Arc defeated the English at Orleans. This victory led to the coronation of Charles.

Trial of Joan of Arc These events marked the beginning of a series of French victories that Joan of Arc would not live to see. In 1430, Joan was captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the English. The English put Joan on trial before an ecclesiastical court that convicted her of heresy and ordered her burned at the stake in At her execution, one onlooker cried:We are lost, we have just killed a saint. –– Joan was granted sainthood in 1920.

Joan of Arc

French Victory In 1435, the duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles VII, and a united France went on a drove the English out of France except for the port city of Calais. The war officially ended in While France ended the war as a united country, England collapsed into a civil war.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Middle Ages I.The 4 Horseman– represented the fears of people i. Famine/War/Pestilence & Death ii. 14th century was devastating to W. Europe II. Famine i. After 1300 population decline- climate change ii. Population outstrips food supply iii. Succession of crop failures III. War i. The Hundred Years War ii. Engs King claims French throne when Fr. Royal family dies out- dynastic rivalry begins war iii. Eng attempts to claim French territory iv. Battle of Agincourt & Treaty of Troyes a. Henry V defeats Fr. and claim Fr inheritance v. Joan of Arc reverses English gains and rallies Fr to rid them of Eng domination. IV. Pestilence and Death i. The Black Death- ii. Estimated iii. Led to Questions Notes:

English Civil War This conflict was known as the War of the Roses. It was a struggle for the throne by two families, the Yorks (represented by the white rose) and the Lancasters (represented by the red rose). In 1485, Henry Tudor, a member of the Lancaster family defeated the Yorkist king and married the daughter of a York unifying both families. The English people, tired of war and disorder, were willing to accept the strong government that Henry VII established. Henry Tudor Richard III

Death Although famine and war killed thousands of people, the most devastating catastrophe to Western Europe was called the Black Death. The Black Death was an epidemic of the Bubonic Plague that first spread over Europe and then returned periodically during the next two centuries. The disease was brought to Europe from the east by rats infested with fleas whose bites transmitted the bacilli to the human blood. Once the disease was loosed in western Europe, it caused and immense loss of life among a population made vulnerable by malnutrition and primitive sanitation conditions.

Effects of the Plague The disease struck with stunning speed. –– It took little more than 3 days to die from the disease. –– First there would be swelling and black bruises on the body. »» It attacked the lymph node system. –– Victims suffered heavy sweats and convulsive coughing. –– You would then vomit blood and die an agonizing death.

Results of the Plague The best estimate suggests that a third of Europes population was wiped out between 1347 and The Plague killed about 2/5 of Europes population. Some people turned to witchcraft and magic to stop the disease. Others believing that they would die soon anyway, plunged wildly into wild human pleasures. Others saw the plague as Gods punishment and whipped themselves to show they repented their sins. Many Christians blamed Jews for the disease saying that they had poisoned the well. –– Thousands of Jews were killed during this period.

Death The appearance of the Four Horsemen may have been for real during this period in European history. Europe lost over 40% of its population during the 14 th and early 15 th century. Effects of the of the Four Horsemen had a dramatic effect on Western Europe in regards to production, demand for goods, labor supply, prices, social relationships, and mass psychology.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Middle Ages I.The 4 Horseman– represented the fears of people i. Famine/War/Pestilence & Death ii. 14th century was devastating to W. Europe II. Famine i. After 1300 population decline- climate change ii. Population outstrips food supply iii. Succession of crop failures III. War i. The Hundred Years War ii. Engs King claims French throne when Fr. Royal family dies out- dynastic rivalry begins war iii. Eng attempts to claim French territory iv. Battle of Agincourt & Treaty of Troyes a. Henry V defeats Fr. and claim Fr inheritance v. Joan of Arc reverses English gains and rallies Fr to rid them of Eng domination. IV. Pestilence and Death i. The Black Death- Plague spread by fleas on rats coming from Silk Road ii. Estimated 40% of Europes population died iii. Led to a rash of econ, social and pol upheavals Questions Notes:

Problems Beset the Church, and its Temporal Power Declined

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) I.Breakdown and Revival i. Church ii. Sets up gov. iii. More concerned iv. Corruption II. Pope Boniface VIII & Phillip the Fair of France i. Papal power ii. Unum Sanctum iii. In the end, Kings III. Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity) i. Following ii. William of Ockham & Marsilius of Padua iii. States IV. Popular Lay Movements i. John Wycliff (Lollards)- ii. John Huss (Hussites)- IV. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement i ends Babylonian Captivity bringing church back to Rome ii. French king Charles V wants church back in Avignon iii. The Great Schism- Fr cardinals elect new pope after another had already been elected iv. Urban VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon v. Half of Europe loyal to Urban and the other to Clement base roughly along political lines V. The Conciliar Movement I. Attempted to make the church a more representative body rather than autocratic ii. Wanted the church to be run by councils and wished to limit the power of the pope iii. Council of Basel Conciliarist cardinals convened a meeting and election of a new pope to replace the other two. Both popes rejected this attempt and now Europe has three popes iv. Council of Constance- Sacrosancta document that declared its supremacy and elects a new pope ending the Great Schism a. comdemn the Hussites as heretical and burn John Huss at the stake v. Council of Basel- attempted to take more power from the papacy but was thwarted by Puis II in his papal bull Execrebilis (councils now put in check and popes have once again absolute power) a. Council ends the Hussite Wars with Bohemia getting concessions from the Church vi. Begins the period of Renaissance Popes that lead us toward the Reformation Questions Notes:

Changes in Europe and Criticism of the Church Europe was changing during the 11 th century. –– Development of strong national monarchies. »» Challenged the Church for authority. –– A growing middle class. »» Believed the Church hampered trade and industry. –– A new learning appeared. »» Teachings of Moslems and Greeks caused skepticism concerning Church teachings. The Church also was receiving criticism because of its vast wealth, its methods for raising money (simony, indulgences and manorial rents) and the worldly lives of some of the members of the clergy.

Boniface VIII versus Philip IV As nationalism increased, papal claims to authority met with opposition. In 1294, Philip IV (the Fair) demanded that the clergy pay taxes to the national treasury. Boniface VIII hesitated to challenge Philip since France had long supported the popes against the German emperors. –– Still he feared that taxation of the clergy by national governments would weaken the power of the Church. In 1296, Boniface issued the Clericis Laicos, ordering the clergy not to pay taxes to Philip. Boniface VIII Phillip IV

The Conflict Begins Philip struck back at the Clericis Laicos by forbidding the export of gold and silver from France, thus cutting off payments to Boniface. –– Boniface was forced to modify his pronouncement by permitting the clergy to make voluntary contributions for the necessary defense of their lands. In 1302, Boniface issued the Unam Sanctum, stating that the power was supreme on earth in both spiritual and temporal matters.Unam Sanctum Philip called for a general council of the Church to bring Boniface to trial for heresy. –– Though seized by Philipss envoy, Boniface was quickly released but died soon after. Peter was the 1st Pope and Given the keys to heaven.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) I.Breakdown and Revival i. Church becomes both a religious & temporal entity ii. Sets up gov. structures w/in all Catholic states iii. More concerned w/ worldly matters than spiritual iv. Corruption leads to heretical movements (Cathars & Waldensians) II. Pope Boniface VIII & Phillip the Fair of France i. Papal power challenges royal power & loses ii. Unum Sanctum and papal bull fail to sway Phillip iii. In the end, Kings (States) had more authority than Popes III. Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity) i. Following Bonafices failure ii. William of Ockham & Marsilius of Padua iii. States resist Church IV. Popular Lay Movements i. John Wycliff (Lollards)- ii. John Huss (Hussites)- IV. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement i ends Babylonian Captivity bringing church back to Rome ii. French king Charles V wants church back in Avignon iii. The Great Schism- Fr cardinals elect new pope after another had already been elected iv. Urban VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon v. Half of Europe loyal to Urban and the other to Clement base roughly along political lines V. The Conciliar Movement I. Attempted to make the church a more representative body rather than autocratic ii. Wanted the church to be run by councils and wished to limit the power of the pope iii. Council of Pisa Conciliarist cardinals convened a meeting and election of a new pope to replace the other two. Both popes rejected this attempt and now Europe has three popes iv. Council of Constance- Sacrosancta document that declared its supremacy and elects a new pope ending the Great Schism a. comdemn the Hussites as heretical and burn John Huss at the stake v. Council of Basel- attempted to take more power from the papacy but was thwarted by Puis II in his papal bull Execrebilis (councils now put in check and popes have once again absolute power) a. Council ends the Hussite Wars with Bohemia getting concessions from the Church vi. Begins the period of Renaissance Popes that lead us toward the Reformation Questions Notes:

The Babylonian Captivity Shortly, after the death of Boniface, Philip IV managed to have one of his French councilors elected pope. The new pope moved the seat of the papacy from Rome to Avignon, in southern France. –– Known as the Avignon Papacy.Avignon Papacy –– This period from 1309 to 1377 is called The papacy would remain here for the next 70 years. –– the Babylonian Captivity, from the time when the Hebrews were prisoners in Babylonia.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) I.Breakdown and Revival i. Church becomes both a religious & temporal entity ii. Sets up gov. structures w/in all Catholic states iii. More concerned w/ worldly matters than spiritual iv. Corruption leads to heretical movements (Cathars & Waldensians) II. Pope Boniface VIII & Phillip the Fair of France i. Papal power challenges royal power & loses ii. Unum Sanctum and papal bull fail to sway Phillip iii. In the end, Kings (States) had more authority than Popes III. Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity) i. Following Bonafices failure and death Clement V moved Church ii. William of Ockham & Marsilius of Padua challenge Papal authority and canon law iii. States resist Church taxes and appointments IV. Popular Lay Movements i. John Wycliff (Lollards)- sought church reforms (many borrowed by Luther)- clerical poverty, teach in vernacular ii. John Huss (Hussites)- brought many of the reform ideas of the Lollards to Bohemia IV. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement i. The Black Death- Plague spread by fleas on rats coming from Silk Road ii. Estimated 40% of Europes population died iii. Led to a rash of econ, social and pol upheavals Questions Notes:

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) I.Breakdown and Revival II. Pope Boniface VIII & Phillip the Fair of France III. Avignon Papacy (Babylonian Captivity) IV. Popular Lay Movements V. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement i ii. French king iii. The Great Schism- iv. Urban VI v. Half of Europe VI. The Conciliar Movement i. Attempted to make the church ii. Wanted the church to be run by iii. Council of Pisa iv. Council of Constance- Sacrosancta a. comdemn the Hussites v. Council of Basel- a. Council ends the Hussite Wars vi. Begins the period of Renaissance Popes that lead us toward the Reformation Questions Notes:

Who is the Pope? In the 1370s, the papacy fell on especially evil days. A French pope, Gregory XI, was persuaded to leave Avignon and return to Rome, where he died. –– The threats of the Roman mobs forced the College of Cardinals to elect an Italian pope. The French cardinals then left and elected a French Pope. The Italian Pope excommunicated the French Pope and cardinals while the French Pope returned the favor and excommunicated his Italian counterparts. Rome, declared the election void, and in 1378 elected a French pope.

The Great Schism The period from 1378 to 1417 is known as the Great Schism. –– Meaning a division into hostile groups. Each of the new popes was supported by certain national rulers. In 1414, a Church council met at Constance in Germany. –– The Council attempted to heal the schism. –– The Council deposed both popes and elected a new pope, along with a series of reforms for the Church. The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism weakened the authority and prestige of the papacy and increased the criticism of the church.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) V. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement i ends Babylonian Captivity bringing church back to Rome ii. French king Charles V wants church back in Avignon iii. The Great Schism- Fr cardinals elect new pope after another had already been elected iv. Urban VI in Rome and Clement VII in Avignon v. Half of Europe loyal to Urban and the other to Clement base roughly along political lines VI. The Conciliar Movement I. Attempted ii. Wanted the church iii. Council of Pisa iv. Council of Constance- Sacrosancta a. comdemn the Hussites v. Council of Basel- a. Council ends the Hussite Wars vi. Begins the period of Renaissance Popes that lead us toward the Reformation Questions Notes:

Criticism of the Church Criticism of the Church came for within the Church. –– Marsilius of Padua and John of Jandun (Fransiscan monks) wrote an influential work called Defender of the Peace.Marsilius of Padua »» It criticized the power of both the Church and monarchs. »» The work also expressed original ideas about the Church. –– John Wycliffe of England attacked the wealthy and the immorality of the Church.John Wycliffe »» Wycliffe best known for translating the Bible into English. –– John Huss was a teacher at the University of Prague. »» Denounced various abuses by the Church. Huss was tried by the Council of Constance as a heretic and burned at the stake.

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 1. The Late Medieval Church ( ) V. The Great Schism & the Conciliar Movement VI. The Conciliar Movement i. Attempted to make the church a more representative body rather than autocratic ii. Wanted the church to be run by councils and wished to limit the power of the pope iii. Council of Pisa Conciliarist cardinals convened a meeting and election of a new pope to replace the other two. Both popes rejected this attempt and now Europe has three popes iv. Council of Constance- Sacrosancta document that declared its supremacy and elects a new pope ending the Great Schism a. comdemn the Hussites as heretical and burn John Huss at the stake v. Council of Basel- attempted to take more power from the papacy but was thwarted by Puis II in his papal bull Execrebilis (councils now put in check and popes have once again absolute power) a. Council ends the Hussite Wars with Bohemia getting concessions from the Church vi. Begins the period of Renaissance Popes that lead us toward the Reformation Questions Notes: