European Security after Duel Hegemony Dr David J Galbreath Jean Monnet conference Kiev, May 2011 Dr David J Galbreath Jean Monnet conference Kiev, May 2011

Personal Introduction Senior Lecturer, University of Bath Editor, European Security Research European Security Governance Comparative Minority Rights in Europe Senior Lecturer, University of Bath Editor, European Security Research European Security Governance Comparative Minority Rights in Europe

Lecture Introduction Main question: How has European security changed since the end of the Cold War? Whose security? What security? Main question: How has European security changed since the end of the Cold War? Whose security? What security?

Cold War Duel Hegemony US and USSR NATO-Warsaw Pact-Non-aligned EC-COMECON Duel Hegemony US and USSR NATO-Warsaw Pact-Non-aligned EC-COMECON

Detente Berlin Crisis I & II Cuban Missile Crisis Brezhnev Doctrine Ostpolitik Introduction of security governance Berlin Crisis I & II Cuban Missile Crisis Brezhnev Doctrine Ostpolitik Introduction of security governance

CSCE/OSCE Helsinki negotiations and Final Act Common and comprehensive security Information and transparency Dimensions of Security the Human Dimension Helsinki negotiations and Final Act Common and comprehensive security Information and transparency Dimensions of Security the Human Dimension

End of the Cold War NATO to new NATO Collective defence to collective security CSCE to OSCE on to for EC to EU Economic power to political power (?) NATO to new NATO Collective defence to collective security CSCE to OSCE on to for EC to EU Economic power to political power (?)

New NATO Functions Explicit: Collective defence and security Implicit Continued US influence in the region Extension of US military action in other regions European/US communication on security issues Functions Explicit: Collective defence and security Implicit Continued US influence in the region Extension of US military action in other regions European/US communication on security issues

New NATO London Declaration (1990) Transition from Collective Defence to Collective and Common Security. Transition from the militaristic to the political Partnership for Peace (1994) Improvement of military co-operation (transparency) Joint military manoeuvres and planning Joint operations (peace-keeping/building) London Declaration (1990) Transition from Collective Defence to Collective and Common Security. Transition from the militaristic to the political Partnership for Peace (1994) Improvement of military co-operation (transparency) Joint military manoeuvres and planning Joint operations (peace-keeping/building)

NATO Enlargement Reasons for not expanding No point of alliance Bothers the Russians Less wieldy organisational structure Poses impossible military obligations Takes away from deepening of EU Dilutes NATO power Divides into us and them Includes possible unstable states in otherwise stable alliance Reasons for not expanding No point of alliance Bothers the Russians Less wieldy organisational structure Poses impossible military obligations Takes away from deepening of EU Dilutes NATO power Divides into us and them Includes possible unstable states in otherwise stable alliance

NATO Enlargement NATO Enlargement Study (1995) Enlargement was an end within itself Seen as part of wider process of restructuring Reinforcing common security Russias views were to be taken into consideration Madrid (1997): invitation to three countries Prague (2000): invitation to seven more NATO Enlargement Study (1995) Enlargement was an end within itself Seen as part of wider process of restructuring Reinforcing common security Russias views were to be taken into consideration Madrid (1997): invitation to three countries Prague (2000): invitation to seven more

NATO Enlargement Reasons for enlargement Political and moral obligation Add to security of existing members Enhance security for candidate countries Enhance regional security Give approval to transitioning states Keep the US interested in Europe Gives leverage over new members NATO only real security organisation Reasons for enlargement Political and moral obligation Add to security of existing members Enhance security for candidate countries Enhance regional security Give approval to transitioning states Keep the US interested in Europe Gives leverage over new members NATO only real security organisation

NATO Review Insiders and outsiders Kosovo and Libya NATO - Russia Role to play in Eurasia? Insiders and outsiders Kosovo and Libya NATO - Russia Role to play in Eurasia?

OSCE Paris Charter for a New Europe (1990) Institutionalisation ODIHR HC National Minorities Forum for Security Cooperation Paris Charter for a New Europe (1990) Institutionalisation ODIHR HC National Minorities Forum for Security Cooperation

OSCE OSCE Missions 1992 CSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje Ukraine, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, BiH, Kosovo, etc Role in frozen conflicts OSCE Missions 1992 CSCE Spillover Mission to Skopje Ukraine, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, BiH, Kosovo, etc Role in frozen conflicts

OSCE in crisis Western bias towards East East of Vienna Colour Revolutions Reform Agenda Lowest common denominator problem Has the OSCE been good for Eurasia? Western bias towards East East of Vienna Colour Revolutions Reform Agenda Lowest common denominator problem Has the OSCE been good for Eurasia?

European Union Single Europe Act 1986 Treaty of Maastricht 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 Treaty of Nice 2001 Lisbon Treaty 2007 Single Europe Act 1986 Treaty of Maastricht 1993 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997 Treaty of Nice 2001 Lisbon Treaty 2007

EU approach to security Petersburg Tasks (WEU) European Security Strategy 2003 Common Spaces (EU-Russia) 2004 European Neighbourhood Policy 2003 Enlargement 2004/07 Petersburg Tasks (WEU) European Security Strategy 2003 Common Spaces (EU-Russia) 2004 European Neighbourhood Policy 2003 Enlargement 2004/07

EU and CSDP

EU and Eurasia EU and Kosovo Georgia Moldova Nagorno-Karabakh Democracy Promotion EU and Kosovo Georgia Moldova Nagorno-Karabakh Democracy Promotion

EU and Eurasia Neighbourhood vs Near Abroad EU logic of the East Russian logic of the post-Soviet space Bastian, Beacon or Bridge? Neighbourhood vs Near Abroad EU logic of the East Russian logic of the post-Soviet space Bastian, Beacon or Bridge?

Conclusion Europe and Eurasian Security Fatigue? Who cares? Community? Institutions? Europe and Eurasian Security Fatigue? Who cares? Community? Institutions?