1 Introduction to HTML

2 Definitions W W W – World Wide Web. HTML – HyperText Markup Language – The Language of Web Pages on the World Wide Web. HTML is a text formatting language. URL – Uniform Resource Locator. Browser – A software program which is used to show web pages.

3 Normal text surrounded by bracketed tags that tell browsers how to display web pages Pages end with.htm or.html HTML Editor – A word processor that has been specialized to make the writing of HTML documents more effortless.

4 Tags Codes enclosed in brackets Usually paired My Web Page Not case sensitive = =

5 Choosing Text Editor There are many different programs that you can use to create web documents. HTML Editors enable users to create documents quickly and easily by pushing a few buttons. Instead of entering all of the HTML codes by hand. These programs will generate the HTML Source Code for you.

6 Choosing Text Editor HTML Editors are excellent tools for experienced web developers; however; it is important that you learn and understand the HTML language so that you can edit code and fix bugs in your pages. For this Course, we will focus on using the standard Microsoft Windows text editors, NotePad. We may use also textpad.

7 Starting NotePad NotePad is the standard text editor that comes with the microsoft windows operating system. To start NotePad in windows 9x or XP follow the steps bellow: Click on the Start button located on your Windows task bar. Click on Programs and then click on the directory menu labeled Accessories. Locate the shortcut NotePad and click the shortcut once.

8 HTML Page Creation & Editing In this chapter you will learn to create HTML pages with a standard text editor. Objectives Upon completing this section, you should be able to 1. Choose a Text Editor. 2. Create a Basic Starting Document. 3. Understand and set Document Properties. 4. View Your Results in a Browser.

9 Creating a Basic Starting Document Al al-Bayt University This is what is displayed.

10 Creating a Basic Starting Document The HEAD of your document point to above window part. The TITLE of your document appears in the very top line of the users browser. If the user chooses to Bookmark your page or save as a Favorite; it is the TITLE that is added to the list. The text in your TITLE should be as descriptive as possible because this is what many search engines, on the internet, use for indexing your site.

11 Setting Document Properties Document properties are controlled by attributes of the BODY element. For example, there are color settings for the background color of the page, the documents text and different states of links.

12 Color Codes Colors are set using RGB color codes, which are, represented as hexadecimal values. Each 2-digit section of the code represents the amount, in sequence, of red, green or blue that forms the color. For example, a RGB value with 00 as the first two digits has no red in the color.

13 16 Basic Colors

14 Color Codes 1.WHITE 2.BLACK 3.RED 4.GREEN 5.BLUE 6.MAGENTA 7.CYAN 8.YELLOW 9.AQUAMARINE 10.BAKERS CHOCOLATE 11.VIOLET 12.BRASS 13.COPPER 14.PINK 15.ORANGE 1.#FFFFFF 2.# #FF #00FF00 5.#0000FF 6.#FF00FF 7.#00FFFF 8.#FFFF00 9.#70DB93 10.#5C #9F5F9F 12.#B5A #B #FF6EC7 15.#FF7F00

15 The Body Element The BODY element of a web page is an important element in regards to the pages appearance. Here are the attributes of the BODY tag to control all the levels: TEXT="#RRGGBB" to change the color of all the text on the page (full page text color.) This element contains information about the pages background color, the background image, as well as the text and link colors.

16 Background Color It is very common to see web pages with their background color set to white or some other colors. To set your documents background color, you need to edit the element by adding the BGCOLOR attribute. The following example will display a document with a white background color:

17 TEXT Color The TEXT attribute is used to control the color of all the normal text in the document. The default color for text is black. The TEXT attribute would be added as follows: In this example the documents page color is white and the text would be red.

18 LINK, VLINK, and ALINK These attributes control the colors of the different link states: 1. LINK – initial appearance – default = Blue. 2. VLINK – visited link – default = Purple. 3. ALINK –active link being clicked–default= Yellow. The Format for setting these attributes is: <BODY BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF TEXT=#FF0000 LINK=#0000FF VLINK=#FF00FF ALINK=FFFF00>

19 Using Image Background The BODY element also gives you ability of setting an image as the documents background. An example of a background images HTML code is as follows:

20 Previewing Your Work Once you have created your basic starting document and set your document properties it is a good idea to save your file. To save a file, in NotePad, follow these steps: 1.Locate and click on the menu called File. 2.Select the option under File Menu labeledSave As. 3.In the File Name text box, type in the entire name of your file (including the extension name.html).

21 Edit, Save and View Cycle To preview Your Work, open a web browser and do the following: 1.Click on the menu labeled File. 2.Locate the menu option, Open.

22 Edit, Save and View Cycle 3. In the Open dialog box, click on theBrowse button and locate your web document. 4.Click OK once you have selected your file. The web browser will load the same document but with the new revisions. This process is the Edit, Save and View Cycle.

23 Headings, Paragraphs, Breaks & Horizontal Rules In this chapter you will add headings to your page, insert paragraphs, add some breaks, and add horizontal rules. Objectives Upon completing this section, you should be able to 1.List and describe the different Heading elements. 2.Use Paragraphs to add text to a document. 3.Insert breaks where necessary. 4.Add a Horizontal Rule.

24 Headings, Inside the BODY element, heading elements H1 through H6 are generally used for major divisions of the document. Headings are permitted to appear in any order, but you will obtain the best results when your documents are displayed in a browser if you follow these guidelines: 1.H1: should be used as the highest level of heading, H2 as the next highest, and so forth. 2.You should not skip heading levels: e.g., an H3 should not appear after an H1, unless there is an H2 between them.

25 Headings, Example Page Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6 Heading 1 Heading 2 Heading 3 Heading 4 Heading 5 Heading 6

26 Paragraphs, Paragraphs allow you to add text to a document in such a way that it will automatically adjust the end of line to suite the window size of the browser in which it is being displayed. Each line of text will stretch the entire length of the window.

27 Paragraphs, Example Page Heading 1 Paragraph 1, …. Heading 2 Paragraph 2, …. Heading 3 Paragraph 3, …. Heading 4 Paragraph 4, …. Heading 5 Paragraph 5, …. Heading 6 Paragraph 6, …. Heading 1 Paragraph 1,…. Heading 2 Paragraph 2,…. Heading 3 Paragraph 3,…. Heading 4 Paragraph 4,…. Heading 5 Paragraph 5,…. Heading 6 Paragraph 6,….

28 Break, Line breaks allow you to decide where the text will break on a line or continue to the end of the window. A is an empty Element, meaning that it may contain attributes but it does not contain content. The element does not have a closing tag.

29 Break, Example Page Heading 1 Paragraph 1, Line 2 Line 3 …. Heading 1 Paragraph 1,…. Line 2 Line 3 ….

30 Horizontal Rule, The element causes the browser to display a horizontal line (rule) in your document. does not use a closing tag,.

31 Horizontal Rule, AttributeDescriptionDefault Value SIZE Height of the rule in pixels 2 pixels WIDTH Width of the rule in pixels or percentage of screen width 100% NOSHADE Draw the rule with a flat look instead of a 3D look Not set (3D look) ALIGN Aligns the line (Left, Center, Right) Center COLOR Sets a color for the rule (IE 3.0 or later) Not set

32 Horizontal Rule, Example Page Heading 1 Paragraph 1, Line 2 Line 3 Heading 1 Paragraph 1,…. Line 2 ______________________ _____ Line 3

33 Character Formatting In this chapter you will learn how to enhance your page with Bold, Italics, and other character formatting options. Objectives Upon completing this section, you should be able to 1.Change the color and size of your text. 2.Use Common Character Formatting Elements. 3.Align your text. 4.Add special characters. 5.Use other character formatting elements.

34 Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements Two sizes bigger The size attribute can be set as an absolute value from 1 to 7 or as a relative value using the + or - sign. Normal text size is 3 (from -2 to +4). Bold Italic Underline Color = #RRGGBB The COLOR attribute of the FONT element. E.g., this text has color Preformatted Text enclosed by PRE tags is displayed in a mono-spaced font. Spaces and line breaks are supported without additional elements or special characters.

35 Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements Emphasis Browsers usually display this as italics. STRONG Browsers display this as bold. TELETYPE Text is displayed in a mono-spaced font. A typewriter text, e.g. fixed- width font. Citation represents a document citation (italics). For titles of books, films, etc. Typically displayed in italics. (A Beginner's Guide to HTML)

36 Bold, Italic and other Character Formatting Elements One Size Larger - Normal – One Size Smaller Bold - italics - Underlined - Colored Emphasized - Strong - Tele Type One Size Larger - Normal – One Size Smaller Bold - italics - Underlined - Colored Emphasized - Strong - Tele Type

37 Alignment Some elements have attributes for alignment (ALIGN) e.g. Headings, Paragraphs and Horizontal Rules. The Three alignment values are : LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER. Will center elements.

38 Alignment Represents a division in the document and can contain most other element type. The alignment attribute of the DIV element is well supported. Inside a TABLE, alignment can be set for each individual cell.

39 Special Characters & Symbols These Characters are recognized in HTML as they begin with an ampersand and end with with a semi-colon e.g. &value; The value will either be an entity name or a standard ASCII character number. They are called escape sequences. The next table represents some of the more commonly used special characters. For a comprehensive listing, visit the W3Cs section on special characters at:

40 Special Characters & Symbols Special Character Entity Name Special Character Entity Name Ampersand &amp; & Greater-than sign &gt; > Asterisk&lowast; Less-than sign &lt; < Cent sign &cent; ¢ Non-breaking space Copyright &copy; © Quotation mark &quot; " Fraction one qtr &frac14; ¼ Registration mark &reg; ® Fraction one half &frac12; ½ Trademark sign&trade;

41 Additional escape sequences support accented characters, such as: &ouml; –a lowercase o with an umlaut: ö &ntilde; –a lowercase n with a tilde: ñ &Egrave; –an uppercase E with a grave accent: È NOTE: Unlike the rest of HTML, the escape sequences are case sensitive. You cannot, for instance, use &LT; instead of &lt;. Special Characters & Symbols

42 Additional Character Formatting Elements strike-through text DEL is used for STRIKE at the latest browsers places text in a big font places text in a small font places text in subscript position places text in superscript style position

43 Example strike-through text places text in a big font places text in a small font places text in subscript position Normal places text in superscript style position

44 Lists In this chapter you will learn how to create a variety of lists. Objectives Upon completing this section, you should be able to 1.Create an unordered list. 2.Create an ordered list. 3.Create a defined list. 4.Nest Lists.

45 List Elements HTML supplies several list elements. Most list elements are composed of one or more (List Item) elements. UL : Unordered List. Items in this list start with a list mark such as a bullet. Browsers will usually change the list mark in nested lists. List item … List item …

46 List Elements You have the choice of three bullet types: disc(default), circle, square. These are controlled in Netscape Navigator by theTYPE attribute for the element. List item … List item …

47 List Elements OL: Ordered List. Items in this list are numbered automatically by the browser. List item … 1.List item … 2.List item … 3.List item You have the choice of setting the TYPE Attribute to one of five numbering styles.

48 List Elements TYPENumberingStyles 1Arabic numbers1,2,3, …… aLower alphaa, b, c, …… AUpper alphaA, B, C, …… iLower romani, ii, iii, …… IUpper romanI, II, III, ……

49 List Elements You can specify a starting number for an ordered list. List item … text …. List item …

50 List Elements i.List item … ii.List item … Text …. iii.List item …

51 List Elements DL: Definition List. This kind of list is different from the others. Each item in a DL consists of one or more Definition Terms (DT elements), followed by one or more Definition Description (DD elements). HTML Hyper Text Markup Language DOG A humans best friend! HTML Hyper Text Markup Language DOG A humans best friend!

52 Nesting Lists You can nest lists by inserting a UL, OL, etc., inside a list item (LI). EXample List item … List item … List item …

53 SAFETY TIPS FOR CANOEISTS Be able to swim Wear a life jacket at all times Don't stand up or move around. If canoe tips, Hang on to the canoe Use the canoe for support and Swim to shore Don't overexert yourself Use a bow light at night What will be the output?

54 The output….

55 SAFETY TIPS FOR CANOEISTS Be able to swim Wear a life jacket at all times Don't stand up or move around. If canoe tips, Hang on to the canoe Use the canoe for support Be careful Do not look around Swim to shore Don't overexert yourself Use a bow light at night What will be the output?

56 The output….

Thank You 57